Scribd
Upload
167 views36 pages

Unit 1.5 Edexcel Chemical Formulae, Equations and Calculations - Part 1

Uploaded by

Naw Sahblut Moo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
167 views36 pages

Unit 1.5 Edexcel Chemical Formulae, Equations and Calculations - Part 1

Uploaded by

Naw Sahblut Moo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 36

Chemical Formulae,

Equations and
Calculations: Part 1

Unit 1.5
Writing Equations

CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

The number written in front of formulae is called coefficients.

H2S2O7 + H2O 2H2SO4


Balancing Equations

Chemical reactions involve taking elements or compounds and moving their


atoms around into new combinations.

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O


Zn + 2HCl 2ZnCl2 + H2
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
State Symbols

(s) solid (l) liquid (g) gas (aq) in aqueous


solution ( dissolved in water)
2K (s) +2H2O (l) 2KOH (aq) +
H2(g)
Potassium reacts with liquid water to make a solution of
potassium hydroxide in water and hydrogen gas.
The water is a liquid (l)
Something dissolved in water is a (aq)
Relative Atomic Mass (Ar) and Relative
Formula Mass (Mr)

The relative atomic mass of an element is the weighted average mass of the
isotopes of the element. It is measured in a scale on which a carbon-12 ( 12C atom
has a mass of exactly 12)

Eg relative atomic mass of iron

Relative formula mass of Magnesium carbonate , MgCO3


To find the relative formula mass (Mr) of
MgCO2

Mr of MgCO3 = 24+ 12+ + ( 3 . 16) = 84

Mr of Ca(OH)2 = 40 + (16+1) . 2 = 74

To find the Mr of copper II sulfate crystals, CuSO4 . 5H2O

*when some substances crystallise from solution, water becomes chemically


bound up with the salt. This is called water of crystallisation. Salt containing water
of crystallisation are said to be hydrated.

Mr of CuSO4.5H2O = 249.5
TO find the percentage by mass of copper in
copper II oxide, CuO

Relative atomic masses ; O= 16, Cu =63.5

Mr of CuO = 79.5

Percentage of copper = 63.5/79.5 . 100 = 79.9 %

Oxygen in sodium carbonate

Mr of Na2CO3 = 106

Percentage of oxygen = 3 . 16/106 .100 = 45.3 %


The mole

Mole is a unit of the amount of substance.

Eg 1 mole of oxygen gas = 32 g

1 mole of oxygen atoms = 16 g

1 mole of oxygen molecules = 32 g

1 mole of iron iI sulfate crystals , FeSO4.7H2O = 278 g


Simple calculations with moles

Number of mole = mass (g) / mass of 1 mole (g)

Finding the mass of 0.2 mol of calcium carbonate, CaCO3

Relative atomic masses ; C=12,O=16,Ca =40

Mr of CaCO3 = 40+12+(3.16) =100

1 mol of CaCO3 has a mass of 100 g

Mass (g) = number of moles . mass of 1 mole (g) = 0.2 . 100 = 20 g

Finding the number of moles in 54 g of water , H2O

Relative atomic masses ; H= 1, O=16

Number of moles = mass (g) / mass of 1 mole (g) = 54/18 =3 mol


Moles and the Avagadro constant

The number of C is 6 .10 23 carbon atoms in 12 g of 12C is called Avogadro


constant.

1 mole of magnesium contains 6 . 10 23 magnesium atoms, Mg and has a mass of


24 g.

1 mole of water contains 6 . 10 23 water molecules, H2O and has a mass of 18 g.


Formulae

The empirical formula shows the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms present
in a compound.

The molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms of each element present
in a molecule ( covalent compound ) or formula unit (ionic compound ) of a
compound.
Formulae
Formulae
Practical: Investigating the formula of a
metal oxide by combustion

Burning magnesium in Oxygen

● Weight a crucible with a lid


● PLace a piece of magnesium ribbon about 10 cm long in the crucible and
weight the crucible and contents.
● Set up the apparatus as shown in figure.
● Heat the crucible strongly ( a roaring flame).
● Lift the lid every few seconds.
● When the reaction is finished , allow the crucible and contents

to cool.

● Weight the crucible and contents.


Key Point
Practical: Investigating the formula of a
metal oxide by combustion
Mass of empty crucible /g 32.24

Mass of crucible + 32.70


magnesium/g

Mass of crucible + contents at 32.86


end of experiment/g

Mass of magnesium = 32.70-32.46 = 0.24

Mass of oxygen = 32.86-32.70 = 0.16 g


Practical: Investigating the formula of a
metal oxide by combustion

Mg O

masses/g 0.24 0.16

Find the number of moles 0.24/24 0.16/16


of atoms by dividing the
mass by the mass of 1
mole

Number of moles of atoms 0.010 0.010

Divide by the smaller 0.010/0.010 0.010/0.010


number to find the ratio

Ratio of moles 1 1

Empirical formula MgO


Practical: Investigation the formula of a
metal oxide by reduction

● Weigh a ceramic dish.


● Put about 3g of copper oxide in the ceramic dish and weigh the dish again.
● Place the ceramic dish in a tube as shown in figure.
● Pass hydrogen gas over the copper oxide.
● Ignite the excess hydrogen, which comes out of the small hole in the boiling
tube.
● Heat the copper oxide strongly until the reaction is finished ( pink-brown
copper metal will be seen )
Practical: Investigation the formula of a
metal oxide by reduction
Mass of empty dish/g 23.78

Mass of dish + copper oxide/g 26.96

Mass of dish + contents at end of 26.32


experiment/g

Mass of copper oxide = 26.96 -23.78 =3.18 g

Mass of copper = 26.32 = 23.78 =2.54 g

Mass of oxygen = 3.18 - 2.54 = 0.64 g


Practical: Investigation the formula of a
metal oxide by reduction
Cu O

masses/g 2.54 0.64

Find the number of moles 2.54/63.5 0.64/16


of atoms by the mass of 1
mole

Number of moles of atoms 0.0400 0.040

Divided by the smaller 0.040/0.040 0.040/0.040


number to find the ratio

Ratio of moles 1 1

Empirical formula CuO


Determining the Formula of water
Determining the Formula of water

Mass of empty dish/g 23.78

Mass of dish + copper oxide/g 26.96

Mass of dish + contents at end of 26.32


experiment/g

Mass of water/g 0.72

Mass of hydrogen in the water = 0.72-0.64 = 0.08


Determining the Formula of water

H O

masses/g 0..8 0.64

Number of moles of atoms 0.08/1 0.64/16

Number of moles of atoms 0.08 0.040

Divided by the smaller 0.08/0.040 0.040/0.040


number to find the ratio

Ratio of moles 2 1

Empirical formula H2O


Working out formula using percentage
composition figures

Find the empirical formula of a compound containing 82.7% C and 17.3% H by


mass ( Ar of H = 1,Ar of C = 12)

Percentage % 82.7 : 17.3

Mass in 100 g/g 82.7 : 17.3

Number of moles of atoms 82.7/12 : 17.3/1

Number of moles 6.89 : 17.3

Divided by smallest to get ratio 6.89/6.89 : 17.3 /6.89

Ratio of moles 1 : 2.5


Converting empirical formula into molecular
formulae

Example ; A compound has the empirical formula CH2. If the relative formula
mass is 56, work out the molecular formula.

The relative formula mass of CH2 is 12 + ( 2 . 1 ) = 14

54/14 = 4

There must be 4 lots of CH2 in the actual molecule and the molecular formula is
C4H8.
Empirical Formula calculations involving
water of crystallisation
Empirical Formula calculations involving
water of crystallisation

Mass of crucible
= 30.00 g

Mass of crucible + barium chloride crystals, BaCl2.nH2O =


32.44 g

Mass of crucible + anhydrous barium chloride , BaCl2 =


32.08 g

Mass of BaCl2 = 32.08 - 30.00 = 2.08 g

Mass of water = 32.44 - 32.08 = 0.36


Empirical Formula calculations involving
water of crystallisation
BaCl2 H2O

masses/g 2.08 0.36

Divided by Mf to find the 2.08/208 0.36/18


number of moles

Number of moles 0.0100 0.020

Ratio of moles 1 2

Empirical formula BaCl2.2H2O


Calculations using moles, chemical
equations and Masses of substances

Eg CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

1 mol CH4 reacts with 2 mol of O2 to form 1 mol CO2 and 2 mol of H2O

A problem involving heating calcium carbonate

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

Glowing piece of limestone.


Limestone is impure calcium carbonate - it
decomposes when heated to form calcium
oxide ( quicklime) and carbon dioxide. This is a
thermal decomposition reaction.
25 g of calcium carbonate and the number
of moles can be calculated.

Number of moles = mass / mass of 1 mole = 25/100 = 0.25 mol

The chemical equation for this reaction is :

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

1 mol of CaCO3 will decompose to produce 1 mol of CaO

0..25 mol CaCO3 will decompose to produce 0.25 mol CaO

Mass = number of moles . mass of 1 mol

Mass = 0.25 . 56 = 14 g

Therefore , the reaction will produce 14 g of calcium oxide.


A problem about Extracting Iron

Fe2O3 + 3C 2Fe + 3CO


Calculate the mass of iron which can be formed from 1000 g of iron oxide.
Number of moles = mass/ mass of 1 mole
Number of moles = 1000/160 = 6.25 mol
From the chemical equation,
1 mol of Fe2O3 = 2 mol of Fe
6.25 mol Fe2O3 produces 2 . 6.25 = 12.5 mol of Fe
Mass = number of moles . mass of 1 mole
The mass of 12.5 mol Fe is 12.5 . 56 = 700 g
Calculating Percentage Yields

Percentage yield = actual yield / theoretical yield . 100

CALCULATE AND WORK THE PERCENTAGE YIELD FOR 12.5 g OF COPPER SULFATE
CRYSTALS, BUT ACTUAL VALUE IS 11.2g .THE THEORETICAL YIELD IS 12.5 g.

The percentage yield is 11.2 / 12.5 . 100 = 89.6 %


CALCULATIONS IN WHICH YOU HAVE TO
CALCULATE WHICH SUBSTANCE IS IN EXCESS

You might also like