REPORT

BAR – 312
ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

AR. SATYAM KUMAWAT Urvashi
B.ARCH, III SEM
22FAP2AR015
REPORT

BAR – 312
ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

AR. SATYAM KUMAWAT Noman Ali
B.ARCH, III SEM
22FAP2AR024
 1. INTRODUCTION:
Unit-1: Shear Force & Bending Moment
Unit-2: Stress & Strain
Unit-3: Presentation on Structural
Failure & Success
Unit-4: Presentation on Structural System
Unit-5: Columns
Unit-6: Site visit for unit-4
 1. OBJECTIVE OF WRITTEN ASSIGNMENTS

1. ASSIGNMENT-1
Objective: To understand the basic terminologies and understanding of shear
force and bending moment in relation to the support system and beam.
2. ASSIGNMENT-2
Objective: To understand the concept of stress and strain and numerical.
3. ASSIGNMENT-5
Objective: To understand the concept of columns and terminologies related
to it and numerical loading of columns.

2. OBJECTIVE OF PRESENTATIONS

1. ASSIGNMENT-3
Objective: To understand the concept of tension and compression in
structural system and develop an analytical skill to evaluate the structures.
2. ASSIGNMENT-4
Objective: To understand the concept of structural system and develop
analytical skills to evaluate the structure.

3. OBJECTIVE OF SITE VISIT

Objective: To understand the concept of structural system in real life and
understand it’s concept more efficiently.
1. ASSIGNMENT-3
OBJECTIVE: To understand the concept of tension and compression in
structural system and develop an analytical skill to evaluate the structures.

 STRUCTURAL SUCCESS
Introduction: The Petronas Towers are twin skyscrapers in Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia. Standing at 451.9 m (1,483 ft), when they were
completed in 1998 they became the tallest buildings in the world, a
title they held until Taipei 101 was constructed in 2004.
Address: Jalan Ampang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Construction started: March 1993
Completed: March 1996
Height: 451.9 m (1,483 ft)
Floors: 88; Floor space: 213,750 sq. m useable space
Architect: Cesar Pelli & Associates
Main contractor: Mayjus and SKJ Joint
Design and construction
The Argentine architect Cesar Pelli was chosen for his postmodern
design that was deemed to suitably express the ‘culture and
heritage of Malaysia.’ The design was inspired by characteristics of
Islamic architecture such as repetitive geometries and arabesques.
Each of the towers’ floor plates is based on the simple geometric
forms of two interlocking squares which creates an 8-pointed star
shape. This represents the Islamic principles of ‘unity within unity,
harmony, stability and rationality’. The resulting curved and pointed
bays create a façade reminiscent of temple towers, and the bridge at
the 41st floor that links the two towers is intended to evoke the idea
of a dramatic gateway to the city.
STRUCTURAL FORMATION: RUB EL

The building is built primarily in concrete.

Most of the structural members are made with
high-strength concrete. High-strength concrete was
used in the central core, perimeter columns,
perimeter ring beams, and outrigger beams. The
two towers are connected through a sky bridge. The
foundation of the tower was constructed using 104
concrete piles; the towers sit on a large concrete
raft.
The structural system of each tower comprises a
25 m × 25 m central core and an outer ring of
widely spaced 16 cylindrical super
columns. Fig. demonstrates the structural system of
each tower. These 16 cylindrical columns are
constructed using high-strength reinforced concrete.
These columns are linked by ring beams to build a
moment frame outer tube. This is one of the good
examples of tube-in-tube system, as there is a pair
GROUND FLOOR PLAN 42nd FLOOR PLAN
Figs. further demonstrate the structural arrangement
of the Petronas Towers. In between the outer tube and
the inner tube, concrete beams are also used to
connect them. In addition, steel beams are also used,
however, they are primarily used to support the
floor slabs. There is a sky bridge between the two. The
bridge is supported on the two towers, which is pin
connected to the two towers, so allows them to move
freely. This avoids the damage to the bridge when
large movements occur between the two towers.
2. ASSIGNMENT 4
OBJECTIVE: To understand the concept of structural system and develop
analytical skills to evaluate the structure.

 WIRES AND CABLES:

While the terms wire and cable are often used interchangeably, wire is
one electrical conductor and cable is a group of wires (or conductors)
encased in sheathing. Building wire and cable is used in the
construction of almost every commercial, industrial, and residential
property in the world. Most commonly known as branch circuit wiring
in homes and businesses, these products carry electrical current to all
power applications in a building or dwelling.
Building wire and cable must be sized and installed correctly to keep
electricity running. Categories include all types including:
• Armored cables
• Flexible metal conduit and liquid tight flexible metal conduit
• Metal-clad cables
• Nonmetallic sheathed cables
• Service entrance cables
• Thermoplastic and thermoset insulated wires and cables

USAGE:
Usage ranges from residential communications to protecting sensitive
electronic circuits in business to high-voltage transmission and heavy
industry, including:
•Coaxial (or heliax) cable: carrying television signals and connecting
video equipment
•Direct-buried cable: designed with a high tolerance for environmental
factors
•Metallic sheathed cable: supply mains and large appliances
•Non-metallic sheathed cable: underground or outdoor use
•Ribbon cable: conducting wires for computers and peripherals that run
parallel to each other and only handle low voltage applications
•Underground feeder cable: outdoor lighting and in-ground
applications
•Unshielded twisted pair cable: signal transmission, data networks.
Simply Suspended Cable Structures
Simply suspended cable structures refer to roofs whose cladding is supported
by a single layer of non-pretensioned cables. The cables in these structures
could be seen as beams on which the roof claddings, which can be perceived as
girders, are resting on. It is a simple load transferring mechanism where force
acting on the roof is first carried by the roof cladding, and then transferred to
the cables. In a self balancing structure, that is one in which the structure
supporting the cables has a geometry which permits the forces in the cables to
be balanced internally, this force is passed on to a rigid frame before it
continues on its way to the floor. In a non self-balancing building, where the
geometry of the building supporting the roof is unable to resist the cable forces
without the aid of ground anchor, the force is carried by the cables directly to
the ground to which they are anchored.

Since simply suspended cable

structures behave very similarly
to the beam column system
(with the "beam" supporting
loads through tension instead
of bending), architectural
shape formed by this system look like conventional buildings, but with an
exaggeratedly pronounced deflected roof. For roofs with rectangular or
trapezoidal plan, cables hanging in vertical planes may be arranged parallel to
each other (Fig. 1). In roofs which are circular or elliptical in plan, the cables
may be suspended radially and attached at the perimeter to a compression
ring and at the center to a tension ring (Fig. 2). For 13 roofs of other shapes,
combinations of cable arrangements may be utilized. For example, in
ellipsoidal shaped plan, radial cable arrangements are used at the two half
ends, while regular parallel arrangements are used for the center rectangular
portion (Fig. 3).
Cable structures are also desirable not only for their mechanical
properties. From the architectural design perspective, cable system is an
attractive choice. Its lightness provides an expanded impression of space
and the smoothly curving cables which create structures with soft outline
provide a desirable alternative to the traditional orthogonal buildings.
Cable has also proven to be an economical proposition for large
structures. With the continuing rise on the cost of steel, cable is
becoming an even more attractive economic alternative to conventional
forms of wide-span systems such as portal and space frame.

CASE STUDY –
Dulles International Airport, Chantilly, Virginia
Dulles International Airport at Chantilly Virginia was built in the 1960s by
architect Eero Saarinen. It is a structurally elegant architecture which
utilizes the simply suspended cable roof system to form a signature
sweeping curved roof.
The building has a rectangular
floor plan measuring
590 feet by 164 feet. Steel
suspension cables span across
the 164 feet width and are
anchored to slanted reinforced
concrete piers which are
spaced at 10 feet interval.
Precast concrete slabs are
used to form the cladding for the roof. Due to the catenary shape of the
canopy, an ocarina-shaped drain is incorporated in the center of the
span, running longitudinally along the roof, to prevent water from
collecting on the structure.
Structurally, vertical forces acting on the roof is supported by the
cables in tension. As the cables are stressed, they exert vertical and
horizontal forces on the concrete columns to which they are
connected. These columns, which are standing at an angle, balance
the moment created by the horizontal pull of the cables through its
dead load, while vertical forces from the cables are transferred to the
ground through compression in the piers. Since bending moment
acting on these columns increases with distance away from the cable
connection, the piers are designed to have a thicker base (Fig. 7).
While vertical loads are carried by the cable-column system,
horizontal forces are resisted by the stiff concrete cladding. Stiffness
of the concrete slabs prevents horizontal deflection of the structure.
The simply suspended cable roof system was widely used in the
1950s, before the cost of cable pre-tensioning fell, making the pre-
tensioned cable systems more popular today
Suspended Cable Roof System as Funicular structure
This suspended cable system is a funicular structure that forms a catenary shape.
This catenary shape is characterized by its formation due to the precast concrete
slab that follows the curve of the cables that is suspended to the site concrete
beam. The concrete beam is curved and resting in the structure of concrete
columns.
3 ASSIGNMENT-6

SLAB
Slabs are flat, horizontal structural elements made of reinforced
concrete that receive the load and transfers it through the beams to the
columns and to the footings to the soil below.
Slabs are used in both load bearing structures and framed structures.
In a load bearing structure, the load is transferred from the slab to
the load bearing walls.
The thickness of the slab varies from 100mm to 500mm.Concrete slabs
are generally assumed to carry uniformly distributed loads. The uniform
loads for which slabs are designed are dead loads and imposed loads.
 LOAD TRANSFER MECHANISM IN SLABS:
The forces transfer from slab to beams occurs either in one way or in two
ways. The total system completely counts on the geometrical dimensions
of the slab. Slabs may be supported by columns only, in this case two-
way action will prevail. If the ratio Long side / short side <2 it is
considered as 2- way slab, and if Longer side to shorter side greater than
2 then it is considered as 1-way slab. Usually slab pressure loads (force
per unit area) are transferred to the supporting beams as line loads
(force per unit length). The line load can be triangular, trapezoidal , or
partially distributed on the beam
 MATERIALS USED FOR SLAB CONSTRUCTION:

• Slab construction is a common method used in building construction

to create horizontal surfaces, such as floors and ceilings. The
materials used in slab construction can vary depending on factors like
the type of building, budget, and structural requirements. Here are
some common materials used in slab construction:
1. Concrete: Concrete is the primary material used for slab construction.
It is a mixture of cement, water, aggregates (such as sand and gravel),
and sometimes additives or admixtures. Concrete provides the
strength and durability needed for supporting the loads imposed on
the slab.
2. Reinforcement: Reinforcement is often added to concrete slabs to
enhance their strength and resistance to cracking. Reinforcement is
typically in the form of steel bars or mesh, known as rebar.
Reinforcing elements help the concrete withstand tensile forces that
it might not handle well on its own.
3. Formwork: Formwork is used to shape and support the concrete until
it gains sufficient strength to stand on its own. It can be made of
wood, metal, or plastic. Formwork is essentially a mold that holds the
concrete in place while it sets.
• Preparing formwork
The formwork is the frame for the concrete slab. For measurements, consult the
approved building plans to ensure the formwork is setup correctly. Following the
process of laying the formwork correctly, reduces the likelihood that the concrete
slab is compromised. Preparation of formwork must also follow established
building standards and guidelines. The formwork needs to be erected correctly so
that it can withstand the pressure from concrete, not leak, allow people to work
and walk on it, support equipment and machines and not contain defects in
construction. This means that all joints must be sealed and secured and no nails
exposed. If there are any defects, costly repairs may be required. It is the
responsibility of the building supervisor or site engineer to check that correct
building practices have been followed.
An important tip is to ensure that the height of the formwork will be level with
the top of the concrete slab so that you can screed the finished surface in line
with the top of the formwork.