Chapter 5

Motor control system

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 Objectives
• General Principles of Motor Control
• Symbols and Schematic Diagrams
• Relays, Contactors, Timing Relays and
Motor Starters
• Jogging and Inching
• Starting
• Braking

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 5.1 General Principles of Motor
Control
After studying this section, you will be
able to
● State the purpose and general
principles of motor control.
● Discuss the differences between
manual and automatic motor control.
● Discuss the basic functions of a
control system.

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 5.1 General Principles of Motor
Control
Types of Control Systems

manual

semiautomatic

automatic

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 Manual Control

Motor controlled by a simple toggle

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 Semiautomatic Control

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 Automatic Control

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 5.1 General Principles of Motor
Control
Functions of Motor Control
Starting
stopping

Jogging and inching

Speed control

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Protection 8
 Starting
One of the main purposes of a motor control circuit.
There are several methods that can be employed.
The simplest method is across-the-line starting.
This is accomplished by connecting the motor directly
to the power line.
There may be require the motor to start at a low speed
and accelerate to full speed over some period of time.
This is often referred to as ramping.
In other situations, it may be necessary to limit the
amount of current or torque during starting.

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 Stopping
Another function of the control system is to stop
the motor.
The simplest method is to disconnect the motor from
the power line and permit it to coast to a stop.
Some conditions, however, may require that the motor
be stopped more quickly or that a brake hold a load
when the motor is stopped.

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 Jogging and Inching
move a motor with short jabs of power.
move a motor or load into some desired
position.
The difference between jogging and inching is
that
jogging is accomplished by momentarily
connecting the motor to full line voltage,
and inching is accomplished by momentarily
connecting
the motor to reduced voltage.

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 Speed Control
Some control systems require variable speed.
There are several ways to accomplish this.
One of the most common ways is with variable
frequency control for alternating-current
motors or by controlling
the voltage applied to the armature and fields
of a
direct-current motor.
Another method may involve the use of a
direct-current clutch.

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 Protection
One of the major functions of most control
systems
is to provide protection for both the circuit
components
and the motor.
Fuses and circuit breakers are generally
employed for circuit protection,
and overload relays are used to protect the
motor.

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 Review Questions

1. Explain the difference between manual control,

semiautomatic control, and automatic control.
2. Explain the difference between jogging and inching.
3. What is the most important function of any control
system?
4. What is the simplest of all starting methods for a motor?
5. What is meant by the term ramping?

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5.2 Symbols and Schematic Diagrams

After studying this section, you will be

able to
● Discuss symbols used in the drawing of
schematic diagrams.
● Determine the differences among
switches that are drawn normally open
and normally closed.
● Draw standard NEMA control symbols.
● State rules that apply to schematic, or
ladder,
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diagrams. 15
● Interpret the logic of simple ladder
5.2 Symbols and Schematic Diagrams
Push button

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5.2 Symbols and Schematic Diagrams
Switch

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5.2 Symbols and Schematic Diagrams

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5.2 Symbols and Schematic Diagrams
Limit switch

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 Limit switches providing overtravel
protection

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5.2 Symbols and Schematic Diagrams

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5.2 Symbols and Schematic Diagrams

Float switch symbols

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and circuit. 26
5.2 Symbols and Schematic Diagrams

Flow switch symbols

and circuit

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5.2 Symbols and Schematic Diagrams

Pressure switch used as part

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5.2 Symbols and Schematic Diagrams

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Temperature switch utilized as
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part of a
5.2 Symbols and Schematic Diagrams
coil

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5.2 Symbols and Schematic Diagrams
Timed contacts

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5.2 Symbols and Schematic Diagrams
contact

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5.2 Symbols and Schematic Diagrams
Selector switch

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5.2 Symbols and Schematic Diagrams
Selector switch

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 Review Questions

1. The symbol shown is a

a. polarized capacitor.
b. normally closed switch.
c. normally open, held closed switch.
d. normally open contact.

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 Review Questions

2. The symbol shown is a

a. normally open pressure switch.
b. normally open flow switch.
c. normally open float switch.
d. normally open temperature switch.

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 Review Questions
3. If you were installing the circuit in
Figure ,what type of push button would
you use for the silence button?
a. Normally closed
b. Normally open

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 Review Questions
4. Referring to the circuit in Figure, what
circuit component controls the actions of
the two CR contacts?

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5.3 Manual Starter

After studying this section, you will be

able to
● Discuss the operation of manual motor
starters.
● Connect a manual motor starter.

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5.3 Manual Starter

Single-phase manual
motor starter

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5.3 Manual Starter

Schematic diagram of a single-pole manual starter

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5.3 Manual Starter

Schematic diagram of a
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two-pole manual starter
 Three-phase line-
voltage manual
starter

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 Schematic diagram
for a three-pole line-
voltage manual
starter
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 A solenoid coil
senses the line
voltage

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 Manual starter with
low-voltage
protection
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 Review Questions
Refer to the circuit shown in Figure.
When would the amber pilot light be turned on?
a. When the manual-automatic switch is set to the man. position.
b. When the float switch contacts are closed.
c. Anytime the manual starter is turned on.
d. Only when the manual-automatic switch is set to the man . position.

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 5.4 Overload Relays

After studying this section, you will be

able to
● Discuss differences between fuses and
overloads.
● List different types of overload relays.
● Describe how thermal overload relays
operate.

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5.4 Overload Relays

Overloads should not be confused with

fuses or circuit breakers.
Fuses and circuit breakers are designed
to protect the circuit from a direct ground
or short-circuit condition.
Overloads are designed to protect the
motor from an overload condition.

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 Overload Properties
1. They must have some means of
sensing motor current.
2. They must have some type of time
delay.
3. They are divided into two separate
sections:
the current sensing section and
the contact section.
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11/21/2024 51
 bimetal strip

A bimetal strip is constructed

by bonding two different types
of metal together.
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 A bimetal strip warps with a
change of temperature

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 Bimetal strip type of
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overload relay
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 A three-phase
overload relay
contains three
overload
heaters but one
set of normally
closed contacts

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 Review Questions

1. All overload relays are divided into two

sections. What are these two sections?

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 5.5 Relays, Contactors, and Motor Starters

After studying this section, you will be

able to
● Discuss the operation of magnetic type relay
devices.
● Explain the differences among relays,
contactors, and motor starters.

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5.5 Relays, Contactors, and Motor Starters

Control relays can be obtained

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in a variety of case styles
 Contactors contain load contacts
designed to connect high-current loads to
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the power line
 A motor
starter is a
contactor
combined
with an
overload relay

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 Review Questions

1. Explain the difference between

auxiliary contacts and load contacts.
2. What is the difference between a
motor starter and a contactor?

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 Review Questions
3.Refer to the circuit shown in Figure. In this circuit, contactor HR is
equipped with five contacts. Three are load contacts and two are
auxiliary contacts. From looking at the schematic diagram, how is it
possible to identify which contacts are the load contacts and which
are the auxiliary contacts?

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5.6 Timing Relays

After studying this section, you will be able to

● Identify the primary types of timing relays.
● Explain the basic steps in the operation of
the common timing relays.
● List applications of several types of timing
relays.
● Draw simple circuit diagrams using timing
relays.
● Identify on- and off-delay timing wiring
symbols.

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5.6 Timing Relays

On-delay normally
open and normally
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closed contacts 65
 Off-delay normally
open and normally
closed contacts

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 Bellows-operated
pneumatic timer
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 Normally open
instantaneous
contact of a timer
relay
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 Digital clock timer
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 Off-delay timer
circuit using a
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pneumatic timer 70
 Review Questions

• 1. What are the two basic classifications of

timers?
• 2. Explain the operation of an on-delay
relay.
• 3. Explain the operation of an off-delay
relay.
• 4. What are instantaneous contacts?

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 5.7 Schematics and Wiring Diagrams
After studying this section, you will be able to
● Interpret schematic diagrams.
● Interpret wiring diagrams.
● Connect control circuits using schematic
and wiring diagrams.

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5.7 Schematics and Wiring Diagrams

Schematic diagram of a start–

stop push button station
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 Wiring diagram of a start–stop
push button station
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 Alarm silencing circuit
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 Pressure switch closes
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 The alarm has been silenced, but
the warning light remains on
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 Review Questions

1. Referring to circuit of Figure, explain the operation

of the circuit if pressure switch PS is connected
normally closed instead of normally open.

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 5.8 Multiple Push Button Stations
After studying this section, you will be
able to
• ●● Connect a control circuit using
two stop and two start push buttons.
• ●● Discuss how components are to
be connected to perform the
functions of start or stop for a control
circuit.

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5.8 Multiple Push Button Stations

A second
Stop
push
button is
added to
the
circuit

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 A second
Start push
button is
added to the
circuit

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 Review Questions
1. When a component is to be used for
the function of start, is the component
generally normally open or normally
closed?
2. When a component is to be used for
the function of stop, is the component
generally normally open or normally
closed?

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5.9 Forward–Reverse Control
After studying this section, you will be
able to:
• ●● Explain how to reverse a three-
phase motor.
• ●● Discuss interlocking methods.
• ●● Connect a forward–reverse motor
control circuit.

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5.9 Forward–Reverse Control

The direction of rotation of any

three-phase motor can be
changed by reversing connection
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to any two motor T leads
 Magnetic reversing starters
generally change T leads 1 and
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3 to reverse the motor
 Mechanical interlocks are
indicated by dashed lines
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extending from each coil
 Interlocking with double-
acting push buttons
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 Electrical interlocking is also
accomplished with normally
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closed auxiliary contacts
 Motor operating
in the forward
direction.

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 Motor operating in
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the reverse direction
 Review Questions
1. How can the direction of rotation of a
three phase motor be changed?
2. What is interlocking?

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 5.10 Jogging and Inching
• After studying this section, you will
be able to
● Define the term jogging.
● State the purpose of jogging.
● State the difference between jogging
and inching.
● Describe the operation of a jogging
control circuit using control relays.
● Describe the operation of a jogging
control circuit using a selector switch.
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5.10 Jogging and Inching

Control relays provide jogging

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control
 A single-
pole,
single-
throw
toggle
switch
provides
jog or run
control
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 A selector
switch
provides run–
jog control

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 Resistors are used
to reduce power
to the motor

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 Review Questions

1. Explain the difference between inching

and jogging.
2. What is the main purpose of jogging?

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3. Refer to the circuit shown in Figure. In this circuit, the jog button has
been connected incorrectly. The normally closed section has been
connected in parallel with the run push button, and the normally open
section has been connected in series with the holding contacts. Explain
how this circuit operates.

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 5.11 Sequence Control
After studying this section, the student
will be able to
● State the purpose for starting motors
in a predetermined sequence.
● Read and interpret sequence control
schematics.

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5.11 Sequence Control

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 Timed starting for
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three motors
 Motors start in
sequence from
1 to 3 and stop
in sequence
from 3 to 1, with
a delay of 5
seconds
between the
stopping of
each motor
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 Control relay
CR energizes
and closes all
CR contacts

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 Motor 1 starts

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 Motor 2 starts

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 Motor 3 starts

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 Motor 3 stops

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 Motor 2 stops

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 Motors start and
stop in sequence
with a time delay
between starting
and stopping

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 Review Questions
1. In the control circuit shown in Figure ,
if an overload occurs on any motor, all three
motors will stop running. Using a separate
sheet of paper, redesign the circuit so that the
motors must still start in sequence from 1 to
3, but an overload on any motor will stop only
that motor. If an overload should occur on
motor 1, for example, motors 2 and 3 would
continue to operate.

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5.12 The Motor and Starting Methods
After studying this section, the student
will be able to
● Discuss the operation of three-phase
motors.
● List different methods for starting AC
motors.

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5.12 The Motor and Starting Methods
Basic
control
circuit for
across-
the-line
starting of
a three-
phase
motor
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 Review Questions

1. List five common starting methods for

three-phase squirrel-cage motors.

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 5.13 Resistor and Reactor Starting for
AC Motors
After studying this section, the student
will be able to
● Discuss why resistor and reactor
starting is used for starting
alternating-current motors.
● Discuss different methods of
accomplishing resistor and reactor
starting.
● Explain the difference between
resistor and reactor starting.
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5.13 Resistor and Reactor Starting for AC Motors

Resistors are
connected in
series with the
motor during
starting

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 A speed
sensor is
used to
shunt the
resistors out
of the circuit

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 Current
sensors
determine
when the
resistors are
shunted out
of the line

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 Reactors
(Chokes) limit
motor current
during starting

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 Review Questions

1. What two electrical components are

commonly connected in series with a
motor to limit starting current?
2. What advantage does a reactor have
when limiting inrush current that is not
available with a resistor?

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 5.14 Wye–Delta Starting
After studying this section, the student
will be able to
● Calculate starting current for a motor
with its windings connected in delta.
● Calculate starting current for a motor
with its windings connected in wye.
● List requirements for wye–delta
starting.
● Connect a motor for wye–delta
starting.
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5.14 Wye–Delta Starting

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 Basic control
circuit for a
wye–delta
starter using
time delay

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 The stator windings
are connected in wye
for starting

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 The stator windings
are connected in
delta for running

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 Review Questions

1. Name two requirements that must be

met before a motor can be used for wye–
delta starting.

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 5.15 Braking
After studying this section, the student
will be able to
● Discuss dynamic braking for AC
motors.
● Connect a plugging circuit.

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5.15 Braking

Dynamic
braking
circuit for an
alternating-
current motor

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 Timed controlled
plugging circuit

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 Plugging
switch
controls the
operation
of the
reversing
contactor

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 Review Questions

1. Name three methods of braking a

motor.

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