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Ethics

ETHICS PPT

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36 views18 pages

Ethics

ETHICS PPT

Uploaded by

cabria868
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ETHICS

“THERE ARE TWO EDUCATIONS. ONE SHOULD


TEACH US HOW TO MAKE LIVING AND OTHER HOW
TO LIVE.”

-JOHN T. ADAMS
THE PHILOSOPHICAL
BACKGROUND OF ETHICS

“Without moral perception, Man is only an animal.


Without morality, man as a rational being is a
failure.”

-Ramon B. Agapay
1. Ethics and Philosophy
Philosophy
Greek words
“philos” which means Philosophy means “love
love of wisdom”
“sophia,” which means
wisdom

Ancient tradition tells us Pythagoras (570-490


that early Greek Thinkers B.C.E) wanted to call
called themselves “wise himself simply a “lover of
men,” and that out of wisdom” or
humility. ”philosopher”.
Philosophy =
meaning of reality
Ultimate cause of
As a science including our
everything
human
experiences

Human reason Philosophizing an


Reflect
alone opportunity

Analyze the Result of profound


content of Meaningful activity reflection and
thoughts analysis
Other definitions of philosophy:
William James –
philosophy is a collective
For some, philosophy is
Plato- Philosophy is the name for questions that
the world view of the
highest form of inquiry. have not been answered
person.
to the satisfaction of one
asking the question.

- philosophy is also
- philosophy is a
-philosophy is primary defined as the science
conceptual analysis or
concerned with finding that studies the ultimate
thinking about thinking
the meaning of and causes or explanation of
or simply reflecting on
worth of life including things attained by the
the contents of our
our human experience. use of human reason
thoughts.
alone.
2. Division of
Philosophy
1.Theoretical or Speculative Philosophy- studies only
the truth to be known, e.g., God, immortality of the
soul, origin of the universe, among others.

2. Practical Philosophy- studies truths to be acted


upon, e.g, ethics, semantics, and the like.
PHILOSOPHY

THEORETICAL PRACTICAL
COSMOLOGY SEMANTICS

ONTOLOGY AXIOLOGY

METAPHYSICS AESTHETICS

PSYCHOLOGY LOGIC

THEOLOGY ETHICS

EPISTIMOLOGY Figure 2. Division of


Philosophy
Theoretical or Speculative
Philosophy

a) Cosmology- is the subject that studies the origin and density of entire
universe.
-“ universe” come the Greek word “kosmos”
- The first philosopher is were actually “cosmologist”
b) Ontology- deals with the nature of existence of things and the status of
reality.
-”onta” means is a Greek word which means “being”
- Ontology is actually a branch of Metaphysics.
c) Metaphysics – came the Greek words “meta” (beyond) and “physicon”
(nature).
- studies the nature of mind, the self and consciousness.
d) Psychology- for the Greeks was basically a study about the nature of the
soul of the person and other entities.
 Aristotle which coined the word Psychology which came from the Greek
words psyche meaning soul and logos meaning science or study.
e) Theodicy- investigates the nature, being and the attributes of God not
based on the bible and divine revelation but by logical abstraction and
reasoning.
-also known as Rational Theology.
- from the Greek words theos meaning God and dike meaning justice.
f) Epistemology- comes the word episteme meaning knowledge.
 addresses the philosophical problems surrounding the theory of knowledge.
a) Semantics- came from the Greek words sema
Practical meaning sign or mark and semantikos meaning
significant

Philosophy  studies the meaning of words and its linguistic


forms, their functions and their relationship to
other words.
b) Axiology- from the Greek words axios meaning
worthy and logos meaning discourse or study.
 studies values, its origin, types and
characteristics.
c) Aesthetics- aims to establish the general
principles of art and beauty.
 comes from the Greek word aisthetikos which
means one is perceptive of things through his
sensations, feelings and intuitions.
d) Logic – deals with nature of thinking and reasoning using empirical support
to establish the truth.
 Deductive Reasoning – reasoning from universal truth and to particular.
 Inductive Reasoning- reasoning from particular to universal or general
principles.
e) Ethics- come \s from the Greek word ethos which means “characteristics
way of acting” which is proper to man as a rational being.
- Latin word ethos is mos
- Ethics sometimes called a Moral Science or Moral Principles.
-The goal of Ethics as a science is to investigate the nature of the
human act or human conduct.
3. Definitions of Ethics

Ethics is a normative
science based on reason Ethics is a practical
Ethics is a practical Ethics is the study of
which studies human science that guides us in
science of the morality human conduct from the
conduct and provide our actions that we may
of human acts. standpoint of morality.
norms for its natural live rightly and well.
integrity and honesty.

Ethics is the science of


Ethics is the science Ethics is the scientific
human acts with
which lays down the inquiry into the
reference to right and
principles of right living. principles of morality.
wrong.
Ethics and Morality are often interchangeably used.

Morality refers to the quality of goodness or badness in a human act.

Good is described as moral and bad as immoral.

Ethics also called as “moral philosophy”


4. Ethics
and Morality Ethics involves the study of those standards and judgement which
people create.

Ethics basically investigates the nature of moral principles, ethical


systems and moral norms that people use to justify their moral
judgement.
E. Babor (2004), argues that while ethics provides principles or bases
for right or wrong and good and bad actions, morality actualizes the
theory.
E. Babor ” Morality is nothing else but a doing of ethics”
5. Ethics as a Normative Science

Ethics is a branch of philosophy and is Ethics is a normative science because it


considered a normative science. involves a systematic search for moral
principles and norms that are used to justify our
moral judgement.
Figure 3. The Three Phases of General Ethics

General
Ethics

Descripti Normativ Meta


ve Ethics e Ethics Ethics
The Three Phases
of General Ethics
1. Descriptive Ethics- consist of studying and describing the
morality of a people, culture or society.
 comparison and contrast on the different values principles,
code of ethics, beliefs and practices of people.
 it does not prescribe or attempt to assess the moral
soundness of any ethical system but only to describe
objectively the values and beliefs of people.
1. Psychological Egoism –it says nothing about what is good
or bad or right or wrong rather simply declares result based on
various scientific studies.
2. Cultural Relativism – does not prescribe how people
should act, rather describe how people , when grouped and
observed in their own cultural realities, actually differ from their
behaviour.
2. Normative Ethics- involves moral judgement
based on ethical norm or theory.
 it consists both of the basic moral principles
and values and the particular moral rules that
govern people’s behaviour, which is right or
moral and wrong or immoral.
The three Tasks for Normative Ethics
1. to form into a related whole the various
norms, rules, and values of a society’s morality.
2. to find the basic principles from which the
particular norm can be derived.
3. to justify an ethical norm or moral principles.
3. Metaethics – branch of Normative Ethics.

it is concerned with analysis of the meaning of words and the


logic of moral reasoning.

it analyse the moral terms like, ”good”, “bad”, moral”, “immoral”,


“moral obligation”, and the like.

it does not describe moral beliefs of people, does not evaluate the
process of moral reasoning but simply analyses the usage and
meaning of words.

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