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Chapter 1 Overview Chemistry

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21 views9 pages

Chapter 1 Overview Chemistry

Uploaded by

bhaswatidas1998
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1 Overview

CHEMISTRY
LESSON
LET'S LEARN
INTRODUCTION TO
CHEMICAL SCIENCE
Periodic Properties:
- Ionization Energies
- Electron Affinity
- Electronegativity
- Polarizability
- Oxidation States
- Coordination Numbers
PERIODIC PROPERTIES
1. Ionization Energy
Definition: Ionization energy is the energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from
an isolated gaseous atom to form a cation.
Trend:
- Across a Period: Ionization energy increases from left to right. This is because as you move across
a period, the nuclear charge increases (more protons in the nucleus), which pulls the electrons
closer, making them harder to remove.
- Down a Group: Ionization energy decreases from top to bottom. As you move down a group, the
atoms have more electron shells, which means the outer electrons are farther from the nucleus and
are less tightly held.
- Example:
- Sodium (Na): The first ionization energy is 496 kJ/mol. Sodium has a relatively low ionization
energy because it has only one electron in its outermost shell which is easily removed.
- Fluorine (F): The first ionization energy is 1681 kJ/mol. Fluorine has a high ionization energy due
to its small size and high nuclear charge which holds the electrons tightly.
PERIODIC PROPERTIES
2. Electron Affinity
- Definition: Electron affinity is the energy change that occurs when an electron is added to a neutral
atom in the gaseous state to form a negative ion.
- Trend:
- Across a Period: Electron affinity becomes more negative (releases more energy) from left to
right. Elements on the right side of the periodic table (nonmetals) are more likely to gain electrons
to achieve a stable octet.
- Down a Group: Electron affinity becomes less negative (releases less energy) from top to bottom.
This is because the added electron is farther from the nucleus in larger atoms, experiencing less
attraction.
- Example:
- Chlorine (Cl): Has an electron affinity of -349 kJ/mol. Chlorine releases a significant amount of
energy when it gains an electron because it reaches a stable octet configuration.
- Nitrogen (N): Has an electron affinity of -7 kJ/mol. The addition of an electron is less favorable due
to the electron repulsion in the half-filled p-orbital.
PERIODIC PROPERTIES
3. Electronegativity
- Definition: Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical
bond.
- Trend:
- Across a Period: Electronegativity increases from left to right. Nonmetals on the right side of the
periodic table have higher electronegativity because they have a higher nuclear charge and a greater
tendency to attract electrons to achieve a stable octet.
- Down a Group: Electronegativity decreases from top to bottom. As atomic size increases, the
ability of the nucleus to attract bonding electrons decreases.
- Example:
- Fluorine (F): The most electronegative element with a value of 3.98 on the Pauling scale, meaning
it strongly attracts electrons in a bond.
- Cesium (Cs): Has a low electronegativity of 0.79, indicating it does not strongly attract electrons.
PERIODIC PROPERTIES
4. Polarizability
- Definition: Polarizability is the measure of how easily an electron cloud is distorted by
an external electric field.
- Trend:
- Across a Period: Polarizability decreases from left to right. Smaller atoms with tightly
held electrons are less easily distorted.
- Down a Group: Polarizability increases from top to bottom. Larger atoms with more
loosely held electrons are more easily distorted.
- Example:
- Iodine (I2): Has high polarizability due to its large size and extensive electron cloud,
making it more easily distorted.
- Fluorine (F2): Has low polarizability because of its small size and tightly held electrons.
PERIODIC PROPERTIES
5. Oxidation States
- Definition: The oxidation state is the charge of an atom would have if all bonds
were ionic.
- Trend:
- Across a Period: The maximum oxidation state increases to the middle of the
period and then decreases. Transition metals have a variety of oxidation states.
- Down a Group: Elements in the same group typically exhibit similar oxidation
states.
- Example:
- Iron (Fe) in Fe2O3: Iron exhibits an oxidation state of +3.
- Sulfur (S) in H2SO4: Sulfur shows an oxidation state of +6.
PERIODIC PROPERTIES
6. Coordination Numbers
- Definition: The coordination number is the number of atoms or ions immediately
surrounding a central atom in a complex or crystal.
- Trend: Coordination numbers vary widely depending on the size, charge, and electron
configuration of the central atom.
- Example:
- [Cu(NH3)4]²⁺: Copper has a coordination number of 4, meaning it is surrounded by four
ammonia molecules.
- [Fe(CN)6]³⁻: Iron has a coordination number of 6, meaning it is surrounded by six cyanide
ions.
These periodic properties help predict and explain the chemical behavior of elements based
on their position in the periodic table. Understanding these trends provides a foundation
for studying the reactivity, bonding, and characteristics of elements and their compounds.

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