102000212

Object Oriented
Programming

Unit-2
C++ Basics
Prof. Jinal Bhagat
Simple C++ Program
 A Simple C++ Program
#include <iostream> //include header file
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "Hello World"; // C++ statement

}
I like C++ so much
return 0;

I iostream
will score good
is just like marks
we include stdio.hin
in c C++
program.
 It contains declarations for the identifier cout and the insertion
operator <<.
 iostream should be included at the beginning of all programs
that use input/output statements.

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 3

 A Simple C++ Program (Cont…)
#include <iostream> //include header file
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "Hello World"; // C++ statement

}
I like C++ so much
return 0;

I will score good marks in C++

 A namespace is a declarative region.
 A namespace is a part of the program in which certain names are
recognized; outside of the namespace they’re unknown.
 namespace defines a scope for the identifies that are used in a
program.
 using and namespace are the keywords of C++.

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 4

 A Simple C++ Program (Cont…)
#include <iostream> //include header file
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "Hello World"; // C++ statement

}
I like C++ so much
return 0;

I will score good marks in C++

 std is the namespace where ANSI C++ standard class libraries are
defined.
 Various program components such as cout, cin, endl are
defined within std namespace.
 If we don’t use the using directive at top, we have to add the std
followed by :: in the program before identifier.
std::cout << “Hello
Unit-2 C++ Basics World”; A D Patel Institute of Technology 5
 A Simple C++ Program (Cont…)
#include <iostream> //include header file
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "Hello World"; // C++ statement

}
I like C++ so much
return 0;

I In
will score
C++, main() good
returns marks
an integer in
type value. C++
 Therefore, every main() in C++ should end with a return 0;
statement; otherwise error will occur.
 The return value from the main() function is used by the
runtime library as the exit code for the process.

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 6

 Insertion Operator <<
cout << "Hello World";

 The operator << is called the

insertion operator.
 It inserts the contents of the
I like C++ so much
variable on its right to the object
on its left.

I will score good marks in C++

 The identifier cout is a predefined
object that represents standard
output stream in C++.
 Here, Screen represents the
output. We can also redirect the
output to other output devices. Output Using Insertion Operator
 The operator << is used as bitwise
left shift operator also.

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 7

 Program: Basic C++ program
Write a C++ Program to print following
Name: Darshan
City: Rajkot
Country: India
I like C++ so much
I will score good marks in C++

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 8

 Program: Basic C++ program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "Name: Darshan";
I like C++ so much
cout << "City: Rajkot";

I will score good marks in C++

cout << "Country:
India";
return 0;
}

Output
Name: DarshanCity: RajkotCountry: India
Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 9
 Program: Basic C++ program(Cont…)
#include <iostream> #include <iostream>
using namespace std; using namespace std;
int main() int main()
{ {
cout << "Name: Darshan\n"; cout << "Name: Darshan"<<endl;
cout << "City: Rajkot\n"; cout << "City: Rajkot"<<endl;

I like C++ so much

cout << "Country: India"; cout << "Country: India"<<endl;
return 0; return 0;
} }

I will score good

Output The endlmarks inandC++
manipulator \n has same
Name: Darshan effect. Both inserts new line to output.
City: Rajkot  But, difference is endl immediate flush to the
Country: India
output while \n do not.

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 10

 Extraction Operator >>
cin >> number1;
 The operator >> is called the
extraction operator.
 It extracts (or takes) the value Object Extraction Operator
from keyboard and assigns it to
I like C++ so much
cin >> number1
the variable on its right.
 The identifier cin is a predefined Variable

I will score good marks in C++

object that represents standard
input stream in C++.
 Here, standard input stream KeyBoard
represents the Keyboard.
 The operator >> is used as
bitwise right shift operator also.

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 11

 Program: Basic C++ program
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int number1,number2;

I like C++ so much

cout<<"Enter First Number: ";
cin>>number1; //accept first number

I will score good marks in C++

cout<<"Enter Second Number: ";
cin>>number2; //accept first number

cout<<"Addition : ";
cout<<number1+number2; //Display Addition
return 0;
}

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 12

C++ Tokens
 C++ Tokens
 The smallest individual unit of a program is known as token.
 C++ has the following tokens:
− Keywords #include <iostream>
− Identifiers using namespace std;

I like C++ so much

− Constants
int main()
{

I will score good marks in C++

− Strings cout << "Hello
World";
− Special Symbols return 0;
− Operators }

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 14

 Keywords and Identifier
 C++ reserves a set of 84 words for its own use.
 These words are called keywords (or reserved words), and each of
these keywords has a special meaning within the C++ language.
 Identifiers are names that are given to various user defined
I like C++ so much
program elements, such as variable, function and arrays.
 Some of Predefined identifiers are cout, cin, main
I will score good marks in C++
 We cannot use Keyword as user defined identifier.

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 15

 Keywords in C++
asm double new switch
auto else operator template
break enum private this
case extern protected throw
catch float public try
I like C++ so much
char for register typeof
class friend return union
I will score good marks in C++
const goto short unsigned
continue if signed virtual
default inline sizeof void
delete int static volatile
do long struct while

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 16

 Rules for naming identifiers in C++
1. First Character must be an alphabet or underscore.
2. It can contain only letters(a..z A..Z), digits(0 to 9) or
underscore(_).
3. Identifier name cannot be keyword.
I4. like C++
Only first so much
31 characters are significant.

I will score good marks in C++

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 17

 Valid, Invalid Identifiers
1) Darshan Valid 12) xyz123 Valid
2) A Valid 13) part#2 Invalid
3) Age 14) "char"
Valid Invalid
4) void 15) #include
Reserved word Invalid
5) MAX-ENTRIES 16) This_is_a_
I like C++ so much17) _xyz
6) double Invalid Valid

I will score
7) time
8) G Valid
good
Reserved word
marks
18) 9xyz
19) main
in C++
Valid
Invalid
9) Sue's 20) mutable
Valid Standard identifier
10) return 21) double
Invalid Reserved word
11) cout 22) max?out
Reserved word Reserved word
Standard identifier Invalid
Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 18
 Constants / Literals
 Constants in C++ refer to fixed values that do not change during
execution of program.

CONSTANTS

I like C++ so much

I will score
CONSTANTS good marks in
NUMERIC
C++
CHARACTER
CONSTANTS

SINGLE
INTEGER REAL STRING
CHARACTER
CONSTANTS CONSTANTS CONSTANTS
CONSTANTS
i.e. i.e. i.e.
i.e.
123,-321, 6543 0.0083, -0.75 “Hello”, “197”
‘5’, ‘X’, ‘;’
Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 19
C++ Operators
 C++ Operators
 All C language operators are valid in C++.
1. Arithmetic operators (+, - , *, /, %)
2. Relational operators (<, <=, >, >=, ==, !=)
3. Logical operators (&&, ||, !)
I like C++ operators
4. Assignment so much (+=, -=, *=, /=)

I will score good marks in

5. Increment and decrement operators (++, --)
6. Conditional operators (?:)
C++
7. Bitwise operators (&, |, ^, <<, >>)
8. Special operators ()

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 21

 Arithmetic Operators

Operator example Meaning

+ a+b Addition

I like C++ so much

- a–b Subtraction
* a*b
Multiplication
I will score goodDivision
/ marks in C++
a/b
% a%b Modulo division- remainder

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 22

 Relational Operators

Operator Meaning
< Is less than
<= Is less than or equal to
I like C++ so> much
Is greater than

I will score== good

>=
marks in C++
Is greater than or equal to
Equal to
!= Not equal to

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 23

 Logical Operators
Operator Meaning
&& Logical AND
|| Logical OR
! Logical NOT

I liketrue
C++ sotrue
a b
muchatrue
&& b a || b
true
I willtruescore false
good marks
false intrueC++
false true false true
false false false false

 a && b : returns false if any of the expression is false

 a || b : returns true if any of the expression is true

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 24

 Assignment operator
 We assign a value to a variable using the basic assignment
operator (=).
 Assignment operator stores a value in memory.
 The syntax is
I like C++leftSide
so much = rightSide ;

I will score good marks in C++

It is either a literal |
Always it is a
a variable identifier |
variable identifier.
an expression.

Literal: ex. i = 1;
Variable identifier: ex. start = i;
Expression: ex. sum = first + second;
Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 25
 Assignment Operators (Shorthand)
Syntax:
leftSide Op= rightSide ;

It is an arithmetic
operator.
IEx:like C++ so much
Simple assignment
Shorthand operator
operator
I will score gooda =marks
x=x+3;
x+=3; a+1
in C++a += 1
a = a-1 a -= 1
a = a * (m+n) a *= m+n
a = a / (m+n) a /= m+n
a = a % b a %= b
Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 26
 Increment and Decrement Operators
 Increment ++
The ++ operator used to increase the value of the variable by one
 Decrement ─ ─
The ─ ─ operator used to decrease the value of the variable by one
Example:
I like C++ x=100;so much
x++;
IAfter
will scorethegood
the execution value of x marks
will be 101. in C++
Example:
x=100;
x--;
After the execution the value of x will be 99.

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 27

 Pre & Post Increment operator
Operator Description
Pre increment operator (++x) value of x is incremented before assigning
it to the variable on the left

x = 10 ; After execution

I like C++ so much

p = ++x;
First increment value of
x by one
x will be 11
p will be 11

I will score goodDescription

Operator marks in C++
Post increment operator (x++) value of x is incremented after assigning it
to the variable on the left

x = 10 ; After execution
p = x++; x will be 11
p will be 10
First assign value of x

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 28

 What is the output of this program?
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
int x, y;
x = 5;
y = ++x * ++x;
cout << x << y;
I like C++ so much
x = 5;
y = x++ * ++x;
cout << x << y;
I will score good marks in C++
}

(A) 749735
(B) 736749
(C) 367497
(D) none of the mentioned

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 29

 Conditional Operator
Syntax:
exp1 ? exp2 : exp3
Working of the ? Operator:
 exp1 is evaluated first
I like C++ so much
• if exp1 is true(nonzero) then
- exp2 is evaluated and its value becomes the value of the

I will score good marks in C++

expression
• If exp1 is false(zero) then
- exp3 is evaluated and its value becomes the value of the
Ex:
expression Ex:
m=2; m=2;
n=3; n=3;
r=(m>n) ? m : r=(m<n) ? m :
n; n;
Value of r will be 3 Value of r will be 2
Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 30
 Bitwise Operator
Operator Meaning
& Bitwise AND
| Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise exclusive OR
I like C++ so much <<
>>
Shift left
Shift right
I will score good marks in C++

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 31

 Bitwise Operator Examples
8 = 1000 (In
Binary)
Bitwise & (AND) 6 = 0110 (In Bitwise | (OR)
Binary)
int a=8,b=6,c; int a=8,b=6,c;
c = a & b; c = a | b;
I like C++ so much
cout<<"Output ="<< c; cout<<"Output ="<< c;
Output = 0 Output = 14
I will
Bitwise score
<< (Shift Left) good marks in Right)
Bitwise >> (Shift C++
int a=8,b=6,c; int a=8,b=6,c;
c = a << 1; c = a >> 1;
cout<<"Output ="<< c; cout<<"Output ="<< c;
Output = 16 Output = 4
left shifting is the equivalent right shifting is the
of multiplying a by a power of equivalent of dividing a by a
two power of two
Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 32
 New Operators in C++
It allows to access to the global
version of variable
:: Scope Resolution Declares a pointer to a member of
Pointer-to-member declarator a class
::*
->* Pointer-to-member operator To access pointer to class members

I .*likePointer-to-member
C++ so much operator To access pointer to data members
of class
I willMemory
score good
new Memory allocation operator
release operator
marks in
Allocates C++
memory at run time
delet
e
endl Line feed operator Deallocates memory at run time

setw Field width operator It is a manipulator causes a linefeed

to be inserted
It is a manipulator specifies a field
width for printing value
Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 33
Scope Resolution
Operator
 Scope Resolution Operator(::)
....
....
Declaration of x in inner block hides
{ declaration of same variable declared in an
int x=10; outer block.
....
.... Therefore, in this code both variable x

I like C++ so much

{ refers to different data.
int x=1; Block-1
.... Block-2
I will score good
}
.... marks
 In C language, valuein C++ in Block-1 is
of x declared
not accessible in Block-2.
....  In C++, using scope resolution operator (::),
}
value of x declared in Block-1 can be accessed
in Block-2.

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 35

#include <iostream> Scope resolution example
using namespace std;
int m=10; Global declaration of variable m
int main()
{
int m=20; variable m declared , local to main
{
int k=m;
int m=3;
cout<<"we are in inner block\
n"; variable m
cout<<"k="<<k<<endl; declared again local to inner block
cout<<"m="<<m<<endl;
cout<<"::m="<<::m<<endl; Output:
} we are in inner block
cout<<"we are in outer block\ k=20
n"; m=3
cout<<"m="<<m<<endl; ::m=10
cout<<"::m="<<::m<<endl; we are in outer block
return 0; m=20
} ::m=10
C++ Data Types
 Basic Data types
C++ datatypes

User-defined Built-in Derived

I like C++ so much
structure
union
array
function
I will score good marks in C++
class
enumeration
pointer
reference

Integral Void Floating

int char float double

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 38

 Built in Data types
Data Type Size (bytes) Range
char 1 -128 to 127
unsigned char 1 0 to 255
short or int 2 -32,768 to 32,767
I like C++ so much
unsigned int 2 0 to 65535
I will score good
long 4 marks
-2147483648into 2147483647
C++
unsigned long 4 0 to 4294967295
float 4 3.4e-38 to 3.4e+308
double 8 1.7e-308 to 1.7e+308
long double 10 3.4e-4932 to 1.1e+4932

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 39

Type Conversion
 Type Conversion
 Type Conversion is the process of converting one predefined data
type into another data type.

Type Conversion
I like C++ so much
I will score good
Implicit
marks in
Explicit
C++
(Automatically converts (Forcefully converts one
one datatype to another datatype to another
datatype) datatype)

 Explicit type conversion is also known as type casting.

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 41

 Type Conversion(Cont…)
int a;
double b=2.55;
a = b; // implicit type conversion
Icout
like<<C++
a << so much
endl; // this will print

I will score good marks in C++

2
a = int(b); //explicit type
conversion
cout << a << endl; // this will print
2

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 42

 Implicit type conversion hierarchy

long
I like C++ so much float double double

I will score intgood marks in C++

long int
unsigned
int
char

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 43

 Implicit Type Conversion
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
ans = count * avg
int main()
10.0
{ 5
1
int count = 5;
I like C++ so much
float avg = 10.01;
double ans;
double int float

I will score good

ans = count * avg;
marks
5.0 in C++ *
float 50.0
50.0
5
5
cout<<"Answer=:"<<ans; float
double
return 0;
} Output:
Answer = 50.05
Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 44
 Type Casting
 In C++ explicit type conversion is called type casting.
 Syntax
type-name (expression) //C++ notation
 Example
I likeaverage
C++ so much i; //C notation
= sum/(float)

I will score good marks in C++

average = sum/float (i); //C++ notation

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 45

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
Type Casting Example
{
int a, b, c;
a = 19.99 + 11.99;
//adds the values as float
// then converts the result to int
b = (int) 19.99 + (int) 11.99;
// old C
c = int (19.99) + int (11.99);
syntax
// new C++
syntax
cout << "a = " << a << ", b = " << b;
cout << ", c = " << c << endl;

char ch = 'Z';
cout << "The code for " << ch << " is //print
"; as
cout << int(ch) << endl;//print as intchar
return 0;
}
Output:
a = 31, b = 30, c = 30
The code for Z is 90
Reference Variable
 Reference Variable
 A reference provides an alias or a different name for a variable.
 One of the most important uses for references is in passing
arguments to functions.
declares variable a
int a=5;
I like C++ so much OUTPUT
int &ans = a; declares ans as reference to a
Its necessary to
Icout<<"&a="<<&a<<endl;
will score good marks
cout<<"a="<<a<<endl; a=5 in C++
initialize the
&a=0x6ffe34 Reference at the
time of declaration
cout<<"ans="<<ans<<endl; ans=5
cout<<"&ans="<<&ans<<endl;&ans=0x6ffe34
ans++;
cout<<"a="<<a<<endl; a=6
cout<<"ans="<<ans<<endl; ans=6

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 48

 Reference Variable(Cont…)
 C++ references allow you to create a second name for the a
variable.
 Reference variable for the purpose of accessing and modifying the
value of the original variable even if the second name (the
I like C++ so much
reference) is located within a different scope.

I will score good marks in C++

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 49

 Reference Vs Pointer
References Pointers
int i; int *p = &i;
int &r = i;

I like C++ so much p

addr
I will score good marks in C++
r i
addr
 A reference is a  A pointer is a variable
variable which refers which stores the address
to another variable. of another variable.

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 50

Enumeration
 Enumeration (A user defined Data Type)
 An enumeration is set of named integer constants.
 Enumerations are defined much like structures.

enum days{Sun,Mon,Tues,Wed,Thur,Fri,Sat};
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
I like C++
Keyword
Tag
so much
I will score good marks in C++
name Integer Values for symbolic constants

 Above statement creates days the name of datatype.

 By default, enumerators are assigned integer values starting with 0.
 It establishes Sun, Mon… and so on as symbolic constants for
the integer values 0-6.

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 52

 Enumeration Behaviour(Cont…)
enum coin { penny, nickel, dime, quarter=100,
half_dollar, dollar};

The values of these symbols are

penny 0
I like C++ so muchnickel
dime
1
2
I will score good marks in C++
quarter
half_dollar 101
100

dollar 102

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 53

Enumeration Behaviour
enum days{ sun, mon, tue, wed, thu, fri, sat
};
days today; variable today declared of type days
Valid, because tue is an enumerator. Value 2 will
today = tue; be assigned in today

today = 6; Invalid, because 6 is not an enumerator

Invalid, today is of type days. We can not apply +
today++; + to structure variable also

today = mon + fri; Invalid

Valid, days data type converted to int,
int num = sat; value 6 will be assigned to num
Valid, mon converted to int with value 1
num = 5 + mon;
Control Structures
 Control Structures
 The if statement:
• Simple if statement
• if…else statement
• else…if ladder
I like C++nested
• if…else so much
I will score good
 The switch statement :
marks in C++
The do-while statement: An exit controlled loop
 The while Statement: An entry controlled loop
 The for statement: An entry controlled loop

Unit-2 C++ Basics A D Patel Institute of Technology 56

Thank You