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Lecture 5 Chemical Hazards

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Gebrekiros Araya
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69 views25 pages

Lecture 5 Chemical Hazards

Uploaded by

Gebrekiros Araya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Chemical hazards
Types of Chemical Hazards
 Irritant chemicals
 Sensitizers • Respiratory fibro gens
 Toxic Chemicals • Carcinogens
 Asphyxiates
 Anesthetic and Narcotic
 Systematic poisons
Chemical hazards
 Irritant chemical: is a chemical that
may cause damage to the ears, eyes and
airways after just one exposure
 It causes a reversible inflammatory effect on
living tissue by chemical action at the site of
contact.
 Example: sulphur dioxide may made
a blistering effect on Upper
respiratory.
Chemical hazards
• Sensitizers: generally sensitizers may not on
first contact result in any ill effects, although
cellular changes can be induced and the
body’s immune system affected (some
chemicals may act as primary irritants as well
as sensitizers).
Chemical hazards
• Anesthetic and Narcotic: anesthetic and
narcotic e.g. hydrocarbons and certain
derivatives such as the various chlorinated
solvents or other, exert a depressant action on
the central nervous system i.e. Aliphatic
alcohols, petroleum etc.
Chemical hazards
• Systematic poisons: Systematic poisons
attack organs other than the initial site of
contact. The critical organs are the kidneys,
liver, blood and bone marrow. Many
halogenated hydrocarbons are effects the
Visceral organs in Hematopoietic (i.e. blood-
forming system) Nervous system.
Chemical hazards
• Respiratory fibro gens: The hazard of
particulate matter is influenced by the toxic
and size and morphology of the particles. The
critical size of dust (and aerosol) particles is
0.5 to 7 µm, since these can become
deposited in the respiratory bronchioles and
alveoli. i.e. Free crystalline silica.
Chemical hazards
• Carcinogens: Cancer is a disorder of the body’s
control of the growth of cells.
• The diseases may be a genetic or
influenced by life style or exposure to
certain chemicals, termed carcinogens i.e.
Coal tar pitch dust, Asbestos etc.
Chemical hazards
• Toxic Chemicals: Chemicals having following
values of acute toxicity and which, owing to
their physical and chemical property, are
capable of producing major accidents hazards.
Chemical hazards
• TOXICITY: IDLH: the Immediately Dangerous to Life and
Health are not occupational exposure limits similar to the
TLV. They were developed by National Institute of
Occupational Safety and Health to guide respirators
selection.

• It is that maximum level of concentration of an air borne


contamination from which one could escape within 30
minutes without any impairing symptoms or any irreversible
health effects.

• It is reported in ppm or mg/m3.


Chemical hazards
• THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES (TLV): The two or more
hazardous substances are present, their combined effect
rather than that of individually, should be given primary
consideration. The effects of the different hazards should be
consideration as additive.
• Time-Weighted Average: The TLV may be a Time-
Weighted Average (TWA) figure that would be
acceptable for 8 hours exposure. For some
substances such as an extremely irritating one, a
Time weighted Average concentration would not be
acceptable.
Chemical hazards
• TLV-STEL: Some substances have a Short-Term
Exposure Limit. The 8 hours TLV remains
within the limit. Such limits were assigned to
substances exerting toxic even over a short
period of time. STEL exposure should not be
more than 4 per day with at least 60 minutes
gap between successive exposures.
Chemical hazards
• LTEL (Long-Term Exposure Limit): Long-term
exposure limit are concerned with the total
intake of contaminants (or contaminants) over
a long period.
• LD 50 (Lethal dose ) for acute local Toxicity: It
is dose of the substance administered which
is most likely to cause death within in one
half of both male and female young adult
rats.
- The result is expressed in mg per kg body
weight.
Chemical hazards
• LC 50 for acute toxicity in Inhalation: It is
concentration of vapor, mist, or dust which,
administered by continuous inhalation to both
male and female young adult rat for one hour
causes death within 14 days in one half of the
animals tested.
• LC Lo (Lethal Concentration Low): It is the lowest
concentration of a substance in air other than
LC50 which has been reported to have caused
death in humans and animals.
Chemical hazards
• LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT(LEL): The maximum concentration
of a gas, vapor, mist or dust in air at a given pressure and
temperature that will propagate a flame when exposed to an
efficient ignition source.
• Generally expressed as % by volume for gases and
vapors, and as mg/m3 for mists or dusts.
• MAXIMUM EXPOSURE LIMIT (MEL): The maximum
concentration of an airborne sub-stance, averaged over a
reference period, to which employees may be exposed by
inhalation under any circumstance.
-Thus, exposure to a chemical assigned an MEL must be
low as is reasonable practicable and, in any case, below
the MEL.
• UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT(UEL): The maximum concentration
of gas, vapor, mist or dust in air at a given pressure and
temperature in which a flame can be propagated.
Chemical hazards
• Risk Control: Exposure to chemicals, resulting in toxic
effects or oxygen deficient -atmospheres, may arise in a
variety of industrial situations.
• Exposure may result whenever materials are mixed,
machined, heated dispread (or) otherwise processes
(or) used. The precautions naturally vary in each case.
- For example, to avoid improper admixture of
chemical will require. Adequate training,
instruction and supervision of workers
Identification of chemicals by name and code
numbers Segregated storage of incompatible
substances.
Chemical hazards
• Other Chemical Hazards:

• Class 1 Explosive
• Class 2 Gases compressed
• Class 3 Flammable Liquids
• Class 4 Flammable Solids
• Class 5 Oxidizing (5.1 Oxidizing substances, 5.2
Organic per Oxides)
• Class 6 Poisonous (toxic)
 6.1 poisonous (toxic),
 6.2 Infectious substances.
• Class 7 radioactive
• Class 8 corrosive
Chemical hazards
• Flammable: these are the substances which
may get ignited by source of ignition i.e.
alcohol, acids etc.
• Explosive: These substances may get
explode due source of ignition, temperature
increase
i.e. ammonium nitrite.
Chemical hazards
• Corrosive: These are the chemicals which
corrode the substance while contact i.e. Acids.
• Oxidizing: These are the chemicals which may
create depression of oxygen in the atmosphere.
• Reactive: These are the substances which react
with other substances i.e. Aluminium
borohydride (Al(BH4)3) if mix with water H2o it
will get explode.
Chemical hazards
• Radioactive: These are the substances which
may generates radiation in the atmosphere
i.e. potassium-40, carbon-14
Thank
You

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