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Unit 5

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26 views19 pages

Unit 5

ppt5

Uploaded by

Dr-Samson Chepuri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Unit - V

Introduction to c++ programming


- object oriented programming concepts
- Structured Vs OOP.
Classes and objects
- class definition
- Objects
- class scope and accessing members
- access functions and utility functions.
• History of C++
– Extension of C
– Early 1980s: Bjarne Stroustrup (Bell
Laboratories)
– Originally named “C with Classes”.
– Provides capabilities for object-oriented
programming
• Objects: reusable software components
– Model items in real world
• Object-oriented programs
– Easy to understand, correct and modify
– Hybrid language
• C-like style
• Object-oriented style
• Both
Object Oriented Programming

• OOP is a programming style that is focused on

objects

• Important Features of OOP

– Abstraction

– Encapsulation

– Inheritance

– Polymorphism
Abstraction
• Showing only the essential features and hiding the
unnecessary features
• The access modifiers in C++ or any OOP language,
provides abstraction
• Functions also provide abstraction

• If a variable is declared as private, then other classes


cannot access it
• The function name that is used in function call hides
the implementation details from user. It shows only the
outline of functionality that the function provides.
Encapsulation

• The process of bringing together the data and


method of an object is called as encapsulation
• The data and method are given in the class
definition
• Classes provides us with this feature -
Encapsulation
Inheritance

• Feature that enables the characteristics or


properties of a parent to reach its child
• C++ supports inheritance

• A class can inherit one or more classes

• Inherited class is called as parent class or


super class or base class
• Class that inherits a parent class is called as
child class or sub class or derived class
Polymorphism

• Poly – Many

• Morph – Form

• Polymorphism is the characteristic that enables


an entity to co exist in more than one form
• C++ supports function overloading and operator
overloading to implement polymorphism
Structured Vs OOP

Structured OOP

Focuses on Process Focuses on Object

Follows Top Down Follows Bottom Up


Approach Approach
• Top Down approach
– A Single module will be split into several smaller modules

– General to Specific

• Bottom Up approach
– Lot of small modules will be grouped to form a single large
module
– Specific to General

• If the requirements are clear at the first instance we can go


for Top down approach
• In circumstances where the requirements may keep on adding, we
go for Bottom up approach
Structured Programming

MAIN PROGRAM GLOBAL DATA

FUNCTION FUNCTION 2 FUNCTION 3


1

FUNCTION 4 FUNCTION 5

• Using function
• Function & program is divided into modules
• Every module has its own data and function
which can be called by other modules.
OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
Object 2
Object 1

Data Data

Function Function

Object 3

Data

Function

•Objects have both data and methods


• Objects of the same class have the same data
elements and methods
• Objects send and receive messages to invoke
actions
I/O in C++
• Since C++ is a superset of C, all of the C I/O

functions such as printf and scanf which are found

in the stdio.h header file, are still valid in C++.


• C++ provides an alternative with the new stream
• input/output
Several new I/O objects
features by available
including when you include
“iostream.h”.
the iostream header file. Two important ones are:

– cin // Used for keyboard input


– cout // Used for screen output

• Both cin and cout can be combined with other member


functions for a wide variety of special I/O
capabilities in program applications.
• Since cin and cout are C++ objects, they are
somewhat "intelligent":
– They do not require the usual format strings
and conversion specifications.
– They do automatically know what data types are
involved.
– They do not need the address operator, &.
– They do require the use of the stream
extraction ( >> ) and insertion ( << )
operators.
• The next slide shows an example of the use of cin
and cout.
Classes in C++
Class is defined as:
• A collection of related variables and functions into a
single structure
• A user-defined complex data type with its own
operations
Object:
Instances of the class are called objects.
The variables and functions in the definition of the class are called
members.
Syntax to create a Class:
class class-name {
private data and functions
access-specifier:
data and functions
access-specifier:
data and functions
// ...
access-specifier:
data and functions
} object-list;

The11/20/24
object-list is optional. If present, it declares objects of the class. 14
access-specifier is one of these three C++ keywords:

public
private (default)
Protected

- private data can be accessed only by other members of the class.


- public data can be accessed by other parts of the program
- protected needed only when inheritance is involved.
- access-specifier can be changed in any order, default is private.

Class Scope
• Class data members and member functions belong to that
class's scope.
• Within a class's scope, class members are references by
name.
• Outside a class's scope, class members are referenced
• through
Use dotone of the handles
(.) notation on an
for object andobject.
references.
• Use arrow (->) for pointer to the object
• E.g.,
11/20/24 c.x , cpt -> x 15
Implementation of a Class

Class declaration contains:


 Declarations of data members
 Prototypes (declarations) of function members
Definitions of function members are not usually placed
in class declaration
Definitions placed outside the class declaration must
tell compiler where the corresponding
declaration/prototype is :
Use the scope operator :: which has the form
ClassName::ItemName
1. Member functions: "Inside" an object, so don't pass
object to them as a parameter. (They receive the
object to be operated on implicitly, rather than
explicitly via a parameter.)
Non-member functions: "Outside" an object, so to
operate on an object, they must receive it via a
parameter.
2. Public items must be qualified when referred to
outside the class declaration:
ClassName::ItemName
Public constants are usually declared static so they
are global class
properties that can be accessed by all objects of
that class type rather than each object having its
own copy.
3. Simple member functions: Usually specified as
inline functions.
This suggests to compiler to replace a function call
with actual code of the function with parameters
replaced by arguments
— saves overhead of function call.
Access Functions and Utility Functions

• Utility functions
– private functions that support the operation
of public functions
– Not intended to be used directly by clients

• Access functions
– public functions that read/display data or
check conditions
– For a data structure, it could call the
isEmpty function
Assignment - 5
1. Distinguish between a `struct' and a `class' in C++?
2. How does a class accomplish data hiding? Explain
with an example.
3. Explain the benefits of object oriented programming
over procedure oriented programming
4. What are the access privileges in C++? What is the
default access level?
5. What do you mean by Encapsulation and explain in
detail.
6. What is the difference between “C structure” and “C+
+ structure”.
7. Explain about the C++ classes in detail and design a
class for playing cards?
8. Discuss in detail about utility functions and access
functions.

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