Fluxmeter

Definition: The meter which is used for measuring the flux of the permanent magnet
such type of meter is known as the flux meter. The fluxmeter is the advanced form of the
ballistic galvanometer which has certain advantages like the meter has low controlling
torque and heavy electromagnetic damping

Electric flux density is a function of_______

a) Volume
b) Charge
c) Current
d) Voltage
• View Answer

• Answer: b
• Explanation: Electric flux density is the charge per unit area. Hence it
is a function of charge and not any of the other values.
 Construction of Flux Meter

• The construction of the fluxmeter is shown in the figure . The fluxmeter has a coil which is
freely suspended by the help of the spring and the single silk thread. The coil moves freely
between the poles of the permanent magnet.

• The current enters into the coil with the help of the helices which is very thin and made from the
annealed silver strips. This current reduces the controlling torque to the minimum value. The air
friction damping of the coil is negligible.
Operation of Flux Meter

• The terminals of the fluxmeter are connected across the search coil as shown in the
figure below. The flux linking with the coil is varied by either removing it from the
magnetic field or by reversing the field of the magnet. The change of the flux induces the
electromotive force in the coil. This emf induces the current in the search coil and send it
through the flux meter. Because of the current, the pointer of the fluxmeter deflects, and
their deflection is directly proportional to the change in the value of flux linkages. As, the
variation of the flux linkages reduces, coil stop moving because of their high
electromagnetic damping. The high electromagnetic damping is because of the low
resistance circuit between the fluxmeter and the search coil.
Magnetic Measurement
e = e.m.f. induced due to change of magnetic flux in the search coil – e.m.f. induced in the fluxmeter coil
due to its rotations in the field of permanent magnet

= dΦ/dt – NBA dθ/dt

Here N = No. of turns in fluxmeter coil.

A = area of cross-section of fluxmeter coil.
dθ/dt = ω = angular velocity of flux
meter coil.
B = magnetic field induction due to
permanent
magnet NS.
Φ = flux from which search coil is
withdrawn. It
Current in the circuit due to this e.m.f. is
is to b e measured of fluxmeter.
I = e/R’ Deflecting torque due to this current = NiBA
where R is the resistance of the circuit.
 If I be the moment of inertia of the coil and ω its angular velocity at that instant,
then the deflecting torque most be equal to I dω/dt.

Therefore,
NiBA = Idω/dt

or NeBA/R = Idω/dt

or NBA/R (dΦ/dt – NBA dθ/dt) = Idω/dt

Integrating it for time, t, for which flux changes, we have

∫NBA/R (dΦ/dt – NBAdθ/dt)dt = ∫ Idω/dt dt = I[ω]’0

But the coil is at rest before and after the change in flux so that ω = 0 both at t = 0
and t = t. It means right hand side is zero. Thus

∫10 (dΦ/dt – NBA dΦ/dt) dt = 0

∫10 dΦ/dt = NBA ∫10 dθ/dt dt or Φ = NBAθ = kθ where k is a constant.

Magnetisation or B-H Curve
• We know that the magnetic flux generated by an electromagnetic coil is the
amount of magnetic field or lines of force produced within a given area and that it
is more commonly called “Flux Density”. Given the symbol B with the unit of flux
density being the Tesla, T.
• magnetic strength of an electromagnet depends upon the number of turns of the
coil, the current flowing through the coil or the type of core material being used,
and if we increase either the current or the number of turns we can increase the
magnetic field strength, symbol H.
• However, the relationship between the flux density, B and the magnetic
field strength, H can be defined by the fact that the relative
permeability, μr is not a constant but a function of the magnetic field
intensity thereby giving magnetic flux density as: B = μ H.
So for ferromagnetic materials the ratio of flux density to field strength ( B/H ) is not constant
but varies with flux density. However, for air cored coils or any non-magnetic medium core
such as woods or plastics, this ratio can be considered as a constant and this constant is
known as μo, the permeability of free space, ( μo = 4.π.10-7 H/m ).
By plotting values of flux density, ( B ) against the field strength, ( H ) we can produce a set of
curves called Magnetisation Curves, Magnetic Hysteresis Curves or more commonly B-H
Curves for each type of core material used as shown below.
B-H Curve important points
• The set of magnetization curves, M above represents an example of the
relationship between B and H for soft-iron and steel cores but every type of core
material will have its own set of magnetic hysteresis curves.
• You may notice that the flux density increases in proportion to the field strength
until it reaches a certain value were it can not increase any more becoming
almost level and constant as the field strength continues to increase.
• As the magnetic field strength, ( H ) increases these molecular magnets become
more and more aligned until they reach perfect alignment producing maximum
flux density and any increase in the magnetic field strength due to an increase in
the electrical current flowing through the coil will have little or no effect.
Hysteresis Loop

• Hysteresis Loop Definition

• A curve, or loop, plotted on B-H coordinates showing how the magnetization of a
ferromagnetic material varies when subjected to a periodically reversing
magnetic field, is known as Hysteresis Loop.
• Actually, a hysteresis loop is a B-H curve
under the influence of an AC magnetizing force.
Values of flux density B are shown on the vertical axis
and are in Tesla. Magnetizing force
H is plotted on the horizontal axis.

• In above figure, the specimen is assumed to be unmagnified, and the current is starting from
zero in the center of the graph. As H increases positively, B follows the red dotted curve from
origin to saturation point a, indicated by Bmax.
• As H decreases to zero, the flux follows the curve ab and drops to Br which indicates the
retentively or residual induction. This point represents the amount of flux remaining in the
core after the magnetizing force is removed.
• When H starts in the negative direction, the core will lose its magnetism, as shown by
following the curve from point b to c. The amount of magnetizing force required to
completely demagnetize the core is called the coercive force and is designated as –Hcin the
figure.
• The hysteresis loss is caused by
•
A. Structural non-homogeneity
• B. Work required for the magnetising the material
• C. Potential work function
• D. None of the above
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiWvpQHQQs8
Current Transformer (CT)
The Current Transformer ( C.T. ), is a type of “instrument transformer” that is designed to
produce an alternating current in its secondary winding which is proportional to the current
being measured in its primary.

Current transformers reduce high voltage currents to a much lower value and provide a
convenient way of safely monitoring the actual electrical current flowing in an AC
transmission line using a standard ammeter.

The principal of operation of a basic current transformer is slightly different from that of an
ordinary voltage transformer.

Unlike the voltage or power Due to this type of arrangement,

transformer looked at previously, the
the current transformer is often
current transformer consists of only
one or very few turns as its primary
referred too as a “series
winding. This primary winding can transformer” as the primary
be of either a single flat turn, a coil winding, which never has more
of heavy duty wire wrapped around than a very few turns, is in series
the core or just a conductor or bus with the current carrying conductor
bar placed through a central hole as supplying a load.
shown.
There are three basic types of current
transformers: wound, toroidal and bar.

•Wound Current Transformer – The transformers

primary winding is physically connected in series with the
conductor that carries the measured current flowing in the
circuit. The magnitude of the secondary current is
dependent on the turns ratio of the transformer.

•Toroidal Current Transformer – These do not contain a

primary winding. Instead, the line that carries the current
flowing in the network is threaded through a window or
hole in the toroidal transformer. Some current
transformers have a “split core” which allows it to be
opened, installed, and closed, without disconnecting the
circuit to which they are attached.

•Bar-type Current Transformer – This type of current

transformer uses the actual cable or bus-bar of the main
circuit as the primary winding, which is equivalent to a
single turn. They are fully insulated from the high
operating voltage of the system and are usually bolted to
Current Transformer Primary Turns Ratio
Current transformers can reduce or “step-down” current levels from thousands of amperes
down to a standard output of a known ratio to either 5 Amps or 1 Amp for normal operation.

Thus, small and accurate instruments and control devices can be used with CT’s because they
are insulated away from any high-voltage power lines.

There are a variety of metering applications and uses for current transformers such as with
Wattmeter’s, power factor meters, watt-hour meters, protective relays, or as trip coils in
magnetic circuit breakers, or MCB’s.

By increasing the number of secondary windings, Ns, the secondary current

can be made much smaller than the current in the primary circuit being
measured because as Ns increases, Is goes down by a proportional amount.

In other words, the number of turns and the current in the primary and
secondary windings are related by an inverse proportion.
A current transformer, like any other transformer, must satisfy the amp-
turn equation and we know from our tutorial on double wound voltage
transformers that this turns ratio is equal to:
Current Transformer Example No1
A bar-type current transformer which has 1 turn on its primary and 160
turns on its secondary is to be used with a standard range of ammeters
that have an internal resistance of 0.2Ω. The ammeter is required to
give a full scale deflection when the primary current is 800 Amps.
Calculate the maximum secondary current and secondary voltage
across the ammeter.
 Potential Transformer (PT)

A Potential transformer is actually a instrument transformer that used in power

systems to step down primary current voltages and secondary voltages from a
higher level to lower secondary potential output voltage level.

This transformer can be easily measured by the ordinary low voltage instrument
like a voltmeter, wattmeter and watt-hour meters, etc.

This kind of transformer is commonly referred to as a "step-down" voltage

transformer which lowers the voltage of a high voltage circuit to a lower voltage
circuit for the intention of measuring voltage drops.

Potential transformers are connected across or parallel to the line which is being
measured to record phase angle errors or ratio errors.
The primary winding consists of a large number of
turns which is connected across the high voltage
side or the line in which measurements have to be
taken or to be protected.

The secondary winding has lesser number of turns

which is connected to the voltmeters, or potential
coils of wattmeter and energy meters, relays and
other control devices.

These can be single phase or three phase potential

transformers. Irrespective of the primary voltage
rating, these are designed to have the secondary
output voltage of 110 V.
Since the voltmeters and potential coils of other meters have high impedance, a
small current flows through the secondary of PT.

Therefore, PT behaves as an ordinary two winding transformer operating on no load.

Due to this low load (or burden) on the PT, the VA ratings of PTs are low and in the
range of 50 to 200 VA. On the secondary side, one end is connected to the ground for
safety reasons as shown in figure.

Similar to the normal transformer, the transformation ratio is specified as

V1/V2 = N1/N2

From the above equation, if the voltmeter reading and transformation ratio are
known, then high voltage side voltage can be determined.
Current Transformer (CT) and Potential Transformer (PT)
Measurement and Separation of Iron Losses