ELEMENTS AND
PRINCIPLE OF ART
REPORT BY:
FRUMEN B. LACABA
MENHEART JOY SOBIONO
NISCEL CANILLO
At the end of this chapter, the student are
expected to:
1. Provide examples of the interrelatedness of some of
the elements and principles of art;
2. Explain the relevance of the elements and principles
of arts in the study of art and its products (artworks);
and
3. Illustrate examples of hybrid art and dissect what art
forms are combined therein.
ELEMENTS OF ARTS
• The basic building blocks;
• The things inside, that make up a piece of
art
• Most art will contain all of the elements
ELEMENTS OF ARTS: VISUAL
• LINE • TEXTURE
• SHAPE • VALUE
• FORM • COLOR
• SPACE
LINE
• Known as the basic elements of art
• A moving dot that has an identifiable
path – has length and direction
• Define edges
• Indicates form as well as movement
• Indicates as value & a light of a
drawn object
• Controls the viewer’s eye
There is a psychological indication in each
kind of line.
• Horizontal Line suggests Peacefulness.
• Vertical promotes strength, stability, and poise.
• Diagonal implies movement, action, instability, and
unrest.
• Curve implies beauty; in nature, the waves of ocean, in
human creation, from the tip of hair to the toes, in
animals and also in microorganisms.
• Thick and thin line indicates distance of the object from
the viewer. Thickness or heavy line, nearness and thin of
fine line meticulous in detail.
SHAPE
• Shapes are 2-
Dimensional and flat;
created when a line is
enclosed
• They can be free-form
and organic
(asymmetrical) or
geometric in nature
(symmetrical).
EXAMPLES (by surface)
• PAINTINGS
• SKETCHES
• ILLUSTRATION
• DRAWING
• PHOTOGRAPH
FORM
• form is 3-
dimensional
• There is length ,
height, and width,
it has now volume.
• It can be
visual/depicted or
physical.
Forms are found in
• SCULPTURE
• ARCHITECTUR
E
• FASHION ARTS
SPACE
• It deals with the illusion of
depth on a flat surface and
usually used in 2D and 3D
• Refers to its visual/pictorial
(illusionary/ plastic)
depiction or physical
(sculptural/ architectural)
use
SPACE in shape
• POSITIVE SPACE is defined by object or the
object itself.
• NEGATIVE SPACE is defined by space
around/between the object.
SPACE in depth/distance
• OVERLAPPING – an arrangement that shows an object
overlaps another object.
• PLACEMENT ON THE PAPER – objects placed higher
within the picture plane will appear further away.
• SIZE – objects that are smaller will appear further
away from the viewer.
• DETAIL- the further the object, the less the detail than
the closer object to the viewer.
TEXTURE
• Roughness or smoothness in visual arts or the
actual surface feel of a work of art or craft.
• Th surface of the object can be manipulated as
to how the artist it to appear.
VALUE
• It is synonymous to tones, shading.
• In Italian word, it is called chiaroscuro, which
chiaros means light and curo means dark. The term
is invented by Apolloduros and Zuexis (5 th B.C).
• It is the relationship of light and dark on the
different planes of the object.
COLOR
• The most important element and puzzling phenomena.
• Has hue – another word for color
• Has intensity – brightness and the purity of the color
• And Isaac Newton developed the color wheel that
consists of color spectrum, it is when the sun hits the
prism, the light spreads with various colors, namely
Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, and Violet.
Kind of Colors
• PRIMARY COLORS – a color cannot be separated into any
other colors.
- they make all other colors when mixed (Red, Blue,
Yellow)
• SECONDARY COLORS – colors made from primary two
colors (Orange, Green, Purple)
• TERTIARY COLORS – colors mixed with one primary and one
secondary color.
- Names always start with primary color first ( Red-
Orange, Red-Purple, Blue-Purple, Blue-Green, Yellow-
Green, Yellow-Orange)
•
COLOR SCHEME
• MONOCHROMATIC COLORS – different hues of one color. The complete
range of value of one color from light to dark.
• ANALAGOUS COLORS – colors that are next to each other on the color
wheel.
• COLOR TRIADS – colors that are equally spaced apart from each other.
• COMPLIMENTARY COLORS – colors that are opposite each other on the
color wheel. When placed together these colors have a lot of energy.
When mixed together these colors dull each other and make a
brownish color
• SPLIT COMPLIMENTARY – made up of one color and the closest
analogous of its compliment.
ELEMENTS OF ART: Auditory
WHAT IS MUSIC?
• It is composed of tones and silences organized in such
manner to convey the emotions and ideas conceived
by the composer.
• It is an art concerned with combining vocal or
instrumental sounds for beauty of form or emotional
expression, usually according to cultural standards of
rhythm, melody, and , in most western music,
harmony.
• Is an art that, in one guise or another, permeates
RHYTHM
• Means a “movement marked by the
regulated succession of strong and weak
elements, or of opposite or different
conditions (Anon. 1971, 2537).
• Often associated to the terms beat, meter,
tempo, rhythm is the element of music that
situates it in time. It is the pulse of the music.
Classical term are used to refer to the
variation in tempo, some of which are:
• Largo – Slowly and • Accelerando – Gradually
Broadly Speeding Up
• Andante – Walking Pace • Rallentado – Gradually Slowing
• Moderato – At Moderate Down
Speed • Allargando – Getting Slower,
• Allegro – Fast Broadening
• Vivace – Lively • Rubato – Literally “Robbed
Time”, Rhythm is Played Freely
DYNAMICS
• Elements of music that refers to the
loudness or quietness of music.
Classical terms are used to refer to
the different levels pertaining to
this:
• Pianissimo [pp] – very quiet
• Piano [p] – quiet
• Mezzo-forte [mf] – moderately loud
• Mezzo-piano [mp] – moderately quiet
• Forte [f] – loud
• Fortissimo [ff] – very loud
MELODY
• The linear presentation (horizontal) of
pitch. it means that in musical notation, it
is read un succession from left to right.
Pitch – highness and lowness of
musical sound
HARMONY
• Vertical in linear presentation. It arises pitches are
combined to form chords.
• Can be describeof its “harshness”
Chord – when several notes are simultaneously
played
Dissonance – harsh-sounding combination
Consonance – smooth-sounding combination
TIMBRE
• color of the music.
• dependent on the technique
• give certain tone or characteristics of
the music.
TEXTURE
This is the characteristic disposition and
relationship between melody and harmony.
• Monophonic – single melodic line
• Polyphonic – two or more melodic lines
• Homophonic – main melody accompanied
by chords
PRINCIPLES OF ART
what we use to organize the elements
of arts, or the tools to make art
BALANCE
• This principle refers to the visual elements
in view of their placement in relation to
each other.
ex. SM Seaside Cebu.
There are Three Forms of Balance:
a. Symmetrical – the elements used on one side are
reflected to the other. this offers the most stable
visual sense to any artwork.
b. Asymmetrical – the elements are not the same (or of
the same weight) on each side, putting the
heaviness on one side.
c. Radial – there is a central point in the composition,
around which elements and objects are distributed
SCALE and PROPORTION
Scale pertains to the size in relation to what is
normal for the figure or object in question.
Proportion, on the other hand, is the size of
the components, or of objects in relation to one
another when taken as a composition or a unit.
This can also refer to values such as amounts
or number of elements or objects in the
composition.
Proportion can be:
• Natural – relates to the realistic size of the visual elements in the
artwork especially for figurative artworks. When it is the accuracy in
relation to the real world that the artist are after, this now referred to as
the principle of scale.
• Exaggerated – refers to the unusual size relations of visual elements,
deliberately exaggerating the immensity or minuteness of an object. In
line with this, when an element is smaller than expected (diminutive),
and when something appears to be larger than what is presumed
(monumental)
• Idealized – most common to those that follow canons of perfection, the
size-relations of elements or objects, which achieve the most ideal size-
relations.
EMPHASIS and CONTRAST
• Emphasis allows the attentions of the viewer to a focal
point(s), accentuating or drawing attention to these
elements or objects. This can be done through
manipulation of the elements or through the assistance of
other principles, especially that of contrast.
• Contrast is the disparity between the elements that
figure into the composition. This can be done in many
ways using the elements of art. For instance, space,
specifically the us of positive and negative space, is an
example of contrast.
UNITY and VARIETY
Unless intended to be otherwise,
compositions are intended to imbue a sense
of accord or completeness from the work.
This is unity.
Variety on the other hand, is the principle
that aims to retain the interest by allowing
patches or areas that both excite and allow
HARMONY
Like what is hinted above, unity and
variety is related to the principle of
harmony, in which the elements or
objects achieve a sense of flow and
interconnectedness.
MOVEMENT
This refers to the direction of the viewing eye
as it goes through the artwork, often guided
by ares or elements that are emphasized.
These focal points can be lines, edges, and
color, within the work of art, among others.
RHYTHM
This is created when an element is
repeated, creating implied movement.
Variety of repetition helps invigorate rhythm
as depicted in the artwork.
REPETITION and PATTERN
Lines, shapes, colors, and other elements may
appear in an artwork in a recurring manner. This is
called repetition. In addition, the image created out
of repletion is called pattern. With repetition, there
is a sense of predictability that is conveyed, which in
turn imbues the feeling of security and calmness.
Linear Perspectives
• Worm’s Eye View – when the object is above
your eye level.
• Man’s Eye View – when the object levels your
eye level.
• Bird’s Eye View – when the object is below your
eye level.
Thank you!
