Group2 Sts Report 1

The term INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION is used to refer to Greek

speculation about the “nature” in the
period before Socrates. Hence, the
alternative, technical terms are “pre
Socratic” or “non-theological” or
“first philosophy”.
Intellectual/Scientific Revolution
• -defines the period that changed society’s beliefs and perceptions by
science and technology.
• - It is when the paradigm shifts happen.
• - It is a movement about enlightenment and it may be initiated during
17th century where people are more driven by the new discoveries in
science and technology and cultural relativism resulting from the
explorations.
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
• In the early days, people questioned the creation

of days and night (the most common observable
change and no one cause for evolution to happen).
• They wanted to understand heavenly bodies like
stars, moon, and planets and their movements.
• Many Greek philosophers and intellectuals wrote
about planets in an attempt to explain the
movement of heavenly bodies and their effects on
the world as they knew it – Aristotle.
system).
COPERNICAN
REVOLUTION
CLADIUS PTOLEMY – a
famous Greco-Roman • Ptolemy’s geocentric
philosopher and astronomer model was widely accepted
wrote that the planets as by the people and was one
well as the sun and the of the greatest discoveries
moon moved in a circular of that time.
motion around the earth,
concept known as
GEOCENTRISM (earth as
the center of the solar
GEOCENTRIC MODEL
concept known as
• HELIOCENTRISM which
COPERNICAN suggested that the
REVOLUTION • center of the Solar system
was not the earth
• but the Sun.
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
– A polish mathematician
and astronomer challenged
the Ptolemaic model.
*He published his book “On
the Revolutions of
the Heavenly Spheres”in
1543.
• He introduced a new
HELIOCENTRIC COPERNICUS
It appealed many since their
religious belief had taught them
that the Earth was created
before all other things. As
Copernicus was persecuted as a
heretic because his teachings
were against what was widely
accepted by religion.
Some Scientists who supported
Copernicus:
• Johannes Kepler-explained planetary orbits which came out on the idea of
a moving earth.His discovery on the movements of mars and all other
planets in ellipses rather than circles supported Copernican Revolution.
• Galileo Galilie- invented the telescope to observe the heavenly
bodies,provides strong observational evidence not only as to the
existence of these heavenly bodies but their movement around the sun.
• Isaac Newton-realized that heavenly bodies and earthly objects were
governed by the same laws.the force that causes an apple to fall is the
same force that holds the moon in its orbit aroud the earth.He also
established that the orbiting body would indeed move in an ellipse--just as
kepler had discovered.
populations pass through a
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION process of natural
selection in which only the
fittest survive.
• Most controversial
intellectual revolution.
• In 1859, Charles Darwin, an
English
naturalist, biologist,
published his book on
the origin of species.
• Darwin introduced the
THEORY OF EVOLUTION
which pointed the
• The theory became very controversial as people
perceived it to be contradictory to the church’ teaching
that the source of life is a powerful creator-creation
theory. Because of the conflict people were divided.
• It even sparked a massive never-ending debate
between science and religion.
• It was only after some time that the people came to
understand that Darwin’s Theory of Evolution was not
in fact against teachings of the church and both can
co-exist.
• The Theory of evolution is not to convince people that
humans came from apes or monkey-like creatures.
• In the late 19th century Sigmund
Freud was able to change
people’s perception of
psychology as a scientific
endeavour with this theory of
psychoanalysis.
• In the past, the field of
psychology was always
classified under philosophy (art
rather than science).
Psychoanalysis is the study that
explains human behaviour. Freud
explained that there are many
conscious and unconscious factors that
can influence behaviour and emotions.
He also argued that personality is a
product of three conflicting elements:
id, ego and super ego.
Conflict within the mind:
• According to Freud, the job of the ego is to balance the aggressive
/pleasure- seeking drives of the id with the moral control of the
superego.
• Id
- concerned with social
Superego
• “ I want to do that”
“Its not right to do that” rules and morals
• -instant gratification
• of physical Ego -rational,pragmatic part of our
“Maybe we can comprimise”
• needs and personality.
• urges
• Science hardliners brushed off the legitimacy of
psychoanalysis as a science as its concepts were
philosophical and supernatural. Many believed that Freud’s
theory had no scientific basis as no empirical or experimental
data could support to it.
• Despite criticisms, Freud still continue to work on refining his
theory and in fact tried to explain how psychoanalysis can be
a clinical method in treating some mental disorders.

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The term INTELLECTUAL

REVOLUTION is used to refer to Greek

• In the early days, people questioned the creation

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