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Lecture 4

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8 views25 pages

Lecture 4

Uploaded by

Hassan Raza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Precision Engineering &

Metrology – Lecture 4
Measurement System Behavior
Instructor: Dr. Waqar Ahmed
Mechanical Engineering Department
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
[email protected]
generalized measurement system models to dynamic
Relate
response

Describe and models of zero-, first-, and second-order measurement


analyze systems and predict their general behavior

Learning static sensitivity, magnitude ratio, and phase shift for a


outcomes Calculate
range of systems and input waveforms

of Chapter State
the importance of phase linearity in reducing signal
distortion
4
the response of a measurement system to a complex
Analyze
input waveform

Determine the response of coupled measurement systems.


Measurement System Behavior –
Introduction
• Model systems mathematically
• Apply different types of signals
• Study the response of system to those signals
• This helps in deciding which measurement system is suitable for
which situations
Types of Measurement
• Static Measurement:
For example
Measurement of length of a board

• Dynamic Measurement:
For example
Measurement of vibration of a machine
Example of Common Bulb
Thermometer
• Placed beneath tongue (Step input)
• Body temperature not changing
• Yet, the reading on thermometer continues to change
• It continues to change until a thermal equilibrium
• It takes some time
Example of an Automobile
Suspension System
Mass 𝑦 1( 𝑡 )

k
Tire 𝑦 (𝑡 )
2
c
𝐹 (𝑡 )
Measurement System Operation of
Car Suspension System
Initial condition

Measurement Output Signal


Input Signal
System
Operation

The quality of ride depends upon amplitude.


If it is high, it mean stronger jumps and vice versa
Mathematical Model of Suspension
System
• Force due to damping

• Force due to spring

• Disturbing force

• Force balance
Differential Form

Where
Steps of Mathematical Modeling

Physical System

Mathematical Model

Mathematical Solution

Physical Interpretation
Zero Order Systems
• Simplest model
• Static signals

• (General form)
• Static sensitivity or steady gain of system
• Output responds to input instantaneously
• Slope of the calibration curve
Example
3.2: Pencil
type k

pressure
gauge
Derivation

𝐴
𝑦 ( 𝑡 )=𝐾𝐹 (𝑡 ) 𝐾=
𝑘
First-Order Systems
• They contain storage elements
• They do not respond instantaneously to changes in input
• Their general form is

Dividing by

Or
Interpretation 𝜏 𝑦˙ + 𝑦=𝐾𝐹 (𝑡)
• is called as time constant of the system
• It dictates how slow or fast a system responds to an input
• What happens if we put in the equation?

Which is a standard form of zero order systems


Solution of First Order System with a
step input
• Step input: where A is amplitude and is unit step input
• Therefore,

• Its solution with initial condition

Time Steady Transient


response response response

𝜏 𝑦˙ + 𝑦=𝐾𝐹 (𝑡)
Interpretation of the Solution

As time t approaches
Exercise
• Develop the graph between and
• First manually
• Then using Excel
• Finally, using Matlab

−𝑡 / 𝜏
𝑒 =∈ ( 𝑡 )
Error Fraction
First-order system time response to a step function
input: Error fraction
1

0.8

0.6
∈

0.4

0.2

𝑡/𝜏
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Important Error Fraction Magnitudes

Time
constant

Rise
Time
Example 3.3: A thermometer indicating 20 C is
suddenly exposed to a fluid temperature of 37 C.
Develop a model that simulates the thermometer
output response
Knowns

Find
Solution
• From the first law of thermodynamics: Heat lost = Heat gained
• Let us suppose the fluid comes from to T in a small time dt
• In the same time, the thermometer gains its temperature by a small amount dT

h = Coefficient of convective heat transfer


= Surface area of thermometer taking part in heat transfer
m = Mass of thermometer area
= Specific heat at constant volume
Solution (Contd)

𝜏 𝑦˙ + 𝑦=𝐾𝐹 (𝑡)
𝜏 𝑦˙ + 𝑦=𝐾𝐹 (𝑡)
Solution (Contd) −𝑡 / 𝜏
𝑦 𝑡 =𝐾𝐴 + ( 𝑦 0 − 𝐾𝐴 ) 𝑒
( )

𝜏 𝑇˙ +𝑇 =𝑇 ∞

− 𝑡/𝜏
𝑇 =𝑇 ∞ + ( 𝑇 0 − 𝑇 ∞ ) 𝑒

−𝑡 / 𝜏
𝑇 =37 − 17 𝑒

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