Prares1 Types and Characteristics of Research

unit 1:
inquisitive world
of research
 TYPES OF RESEARCH AND

THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
 OBJECTIVES
Define different approaches to Qualitative Research;
Value the importance of Qualitative research on the development of society and life; and
Compare the Characteristics of Different Approaches to Research through a graphic

organizer.
research
paradigm
 A cluster of beliefs and dictates which for

scientists in a particular discipline influence
what should be studied, how research
should be done, and how results should be
interpreted (Bryman, 2008).
b lo o  Research is divided into two paradigms -
d Quantitative and Qualitative
two paradigms of research
QUALITATIVE
 an inquiry process of understanding a

social or human problem based on building
a complex, holistic picture, formed with
words, reporting detailed views of
informants.
QUANTITATIVE
 an inquiry process into a social or human

problem based on testing a theory
composed of variables, measured with
numbers, and analyzed with statistical
procedures.
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
 Researchers are primarily concerned with processes rather

than outcomes.
 Researchers are interested in meaning, or how people
make sense of their experiences.
 The researcher is the primary instrument for data collection
and analysis.
inqui  Research involves fieldwork.
r
e  The research is highly descriptive in that the researcher is
interested in deriving meaning from words or pictures.
 The process is inductive.
approaches to qualitative
research
1. phenomenology
 Both an approach to and a method of

understanding the behavioral, emotive, and social
meanings of lived experiences of individuals.
 Emphasizes the individual’s experiences, beliefs,

and perceptions
EXAMPLE
 Women’s experiences in maternity

wards
 racism in the workplace
 and how families experience end-of-

life care for loved ones
2. ethnography
 Focuses on studying shared practices and belief

systems (i.e., culture) of a group of people in their
natural context over a prolonged period.
EXAMPLE
 A researcher spends an entire month in an elementary school
classroom in an effort to describe the culture of the classroom.
 An anthropologist spends a year in a small village in Africa in an

attempt to describe the customs surrounding coming of age in
the tribe.
 A researcher spends three months on the streets of Los Angeles

in an attempt to describe the social customs of a street gang.
 A researcher spends six months shadowing nurses in a neonatal

intensive care unit in an effort to describe the culture of caring
and coping that exists among the nurses.
3. case study
 Allows in-depth investigation of complex issues

within a specific context based on a small
geographical area or a very limited number of
individuals as the subjects of the study.
EXAMPLE
 a researcher wants to study the onset of severe anxiety by a teenager
following a natural disaster.
 Phineas Gage suffered from a brain injury during a railroad accident that
changed his personality. Psychologists often cite his case as a way to
understand traumatic brain injuries and their possible effects on
personality.
 Chris Sizemore's case was the first documented case of multiple

personalities/ dissociative identity disorder. Psychologists under her case
to understand the disease.
 Jill Price could remember things about herself from years prior.
Psychologists used her case to understand how mental illness affects
memory.
4. disourse/conversation
analysis
 Studies naturally occurring discourse and extract
shared meanings from such discourse; text is the
object of analysis.
 It is divided into four (4) themes: discourse as a

topic, discourse as a form of action, discourse is
rhetorically organized, and language is
constructive.
EXAMPLE
 people in countries that make use of a lot of censorship will likely have
their knowledge, and thus views, limited by this, and will thus have a
different subjective reality to those within countries with more lax laws on
censorship.
 if you were to study a politician’s speeches, you would need to situate

these speeches in their context, which would involve looking at the
politician’s background and views, the reasons for presenting the speech,
the history or context of the audience, and the country’s social and
political history (just to name a few – there are always multiple contextual
factors).
5. inductive thematic
theory
 Primarily concerned with presenting the stories
and experiences voiced by study participants as
accurately and comprehensively as possible.
 Most common qualitative data analysis used in

social, behavioral, and health sciences.
EXAMPLE
 How has social media changed over the years?
 The above research will need you to gather data from

sources, blogs, news, and interviews posted online.
Interview a few new generation users of the platforms
and the old users to gather intel about how they use the
social platforms and what their experience is.
6. grounded theory
 A set of inductive data collection and analytic

methods to construct theories grounded in the
data themselves.
EXAMPLE
 researcher wanted to study how people form relationships.
 They would collect data through interviews and observation,

and then analyze this data to look for patterns. These patterns
would then be used to develop a theory about how
relationships are formed.
7. narrative analysis
 Focuses on narratives (storytelling) as the
source of data.
 Research focus shifts from “what actually

happened” to “tell me what happened”; relates not
just lifespans, but also accounts episodes
and interconnections among them.
EXAMPLE
 a research participant’s answer to a single interview

question
 a researcher conducting an in-depth interview, or a

series of in-depth interviews with an individual over an
extended period of time.
 a historian putting together the biography of someone’s

life from past artifacts.
references
Melegrito, M. F., Mendoza, D. J., & Mactal, R. B. (2017).
Applied research: An introduction to qualitative research
methods and report writing. Quezon City: Pheonix Publishing
House, Inc.
“Believe you can,
and your halfway
there.”

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unit 1:

 TYPES OF RESEARCH AND

Define different approaches to Qualitative Research;

Compare the Characteristics of Different Approaches to Research through a graphic

 A cluster of beliefs and dictates which for

 an inquiry process of understanding a

 an inquiry process into a social or human

 Researchers are primarily concerned with processes rather

 Both an approach to and a method of

 Emphasizes the individual’s experiences, beliefs,

 Women’s experiences in maternity

 racism in the workplace

 and how families experience end-of-

 Focuses on studying shared practices and belief

 An anthropologist spends a year in a small village in Africa in an

 A researcher spends three months on the streets of Los Angeles

 A researcher spends six months shadowing nurses in a neonatal

 Allows in-depth investigation of complex issues

 Chris Sizemore's case was the first documented case of multiple

 It is divided into four (4) themes: discourse as a

 if you were to study a politician’s speeches, you would need to situate

 Most common qualitative data analysis used in

 How has social media changed over the years?

 The above research will need you to gather data from

 A set of inductive data collection and analytic

 researcher wanted to study how people form relationships.

 They would collect data through interviews and observation,

 Research focus shifts from “what actually

 a research participant’s answer to a single interview

 a researcher conducting an in-depth interview, or a

 a historian putting together the biography of someone’s

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