ADVANCED MATHEMATICS

BSME-2ND YEAR
TOPIC FOR DISCUSSION:
1. NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
(ACCURACY, PRECISION,
ERROR)
2. FOURIER SERIES
OBJECTIVES:
By the end of this module, you must be able to:
1. Define numerical analysis
2. Differentiate accuracy and precision
3. Solve for absolute and relative error
4. Define Fourier Series
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
• Numerical Analysis deals with the process of getting the
numerical solution to complex problems. The majority of
mathematical problems in science and engineering are difficult to
answer precisely, and in some cases it is impossible. To make a
tough Mathematical problem easier to solve, an approximation is
essential. Numerical approximation has become more popular as
a result of tremendous advances in computational technology. As
a result, a great deal of scientific software is being developed to
solve more complex challenges quickly and easily.
• Numerical analysis is a discipline of mathematics concerned with
the development of efficient methods for getting numerical
solutions to complex mathematical problems.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

Meanwhile, there are at least three reasons to learn the theoretical foundations of
numerical methods:

Learning various numerical With a solid foundation,

methods and analyzing one can effectively apply
them will familiarize a In many cases, there are methods (especially when
person with the process of multiple solutions to a a technique has its own
inventing new numerical problem. As a result, using restrictions and/or
methods. When the the right procedure is drawbacks in certain
existing approaches are critical for getting a precise instances) and, more
insufficient or inefficient to answer in less time. significantly, analyze what
handle a certain problem, went wrong when results
this is critical. did not meet expectations.
ACCURACY
• The ability of an instrument to measure the
accurate value is known as accuracy. In other
words, it is the the closeness of the measured
value to a standard or true value. Accuracy is
obtained by taking small readings. The small
reading reduces the error of the calculation.
ACCURACY

a. Point • The accuracy of the instrument only at a particular point

on its scale is known as point accuracy. It is important to

Accuracy note that this accuracy does not give any information
about the general accuracy of the instrument.

b. Accuracy as • The uniform scale range determines the accuracy of a

measurement. This can be better understood with the help of
the following example:
Percentage of Consider a thermometer having the scale range up to 500ºC. The
thermometer has an accuracy of ±0.5 percent of scale range i.e.
Scale Range 0.005 x 500 = ± 2.5 ºC. Therefore, the reading will have a
maximum error of ± 2.5 ºC.

c. Accuracy as •Such type of accuracy of the instruments is determined

Percentage of by identifying the measured value regarding their true
value. The accuracy of the instruments is neglected up
True Value to ±0.5 percent from the true value.
PRECISION
• The closeness of two or more measurements
to each other is known as the precision of a
substance. If you weigh a given substance five
times and get 3.2 kg each time, then your
measurement is very precise but not
necessarily accurate. Precision is independent
of accuracy.
PRECISION

Precision is sometimes separated into:

a. Repeatability b. Reproducibility
• The variation arising when the • The variation arises using the same
conditions are kept identical and measurement process among different
repeated measurements are taken instruments and operators, and over
during a short time period. longer time periods.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACCURACY AND
PRECISION:
EXAMPLES:
• If the weather temperature reads 28 °C outside and it is
28 °C outside, then the measurement is said to be
accurate. If the thermometer continuously registers the
same temperature for several days, the measurement is
also precise.
• If you take the measurement of the mass of a body of
20 kg and you get 17.4,17,17.3 and 17.1, your weighing
scale is precise but not very accurate. If your scale gives
you values of 19.8, 20.5, 21.0, and 19.6, it is more
accurate than the first balance but not very precise
ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE ERROR
• The disparity between the approximate
representation of a real number and the
actual value is termed an error.
ABSOLUTE ERROR
• Absolute error is the difference between measured or
inferred value and the actual value of a quantity.
• The absolute error is inadequate due to the fact that it
does not give any details regarding the importance of
the error. While measuring distances between cities
kilometers apart, an error of a few centimeters is
negligible and is irrelevant. Consider another case where
an error of centimeters when measuring small machine
parts is a very significant error. Both the errors are in the
order of centimeters but the second error is more severe
than the first one.
ABSOLUTE ERROR
FORMULA:
If x is the actual value of a quantity and x0 is the measured value
of the quantity, then the absolute error value can be calculated
using the formula
Δx = x0-x.
Here, Δx is called an absolute error.
EXAMPLE:
For example, 24.13 is the actual value of a quantity and 25.09 is
the measure or inferred value, then the absolute error will be:
Absolute Error = 25.09 – 24.13
Absolute Error = 0.86
RELATIVE ERROR
• The relative error is defined as the ratio of the
absolute error of the measurement to the actual
measurement.
• Using this method we can determine the magnitude
of the absolute error in terms of the actual size of
the measurement. If the true measurement of the
object is not known, then the relative error can be
found using the measured value. The relative error
gives an indication of how good measurement is
relative to the size of the object being measured.
RELATIVE ERROR
• The relative error is defined as the ratio of the
absolute error of the measurement to the actual
measurement.
• Using this method we can determine the magnitude
of the absolute error in terms of the actual size of
the measurement. If the true measurement of the
object is not known, then the relative error can be
found using the measured value. The relative error
gives an indication of how good measurement is
relative to the size of the object being measured.
ABSOLUTE ERROR AND RELATIVE ERROR IN
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Numerical analysis is concerned with the methods of finding the
approximate values and the absolute errors in these
calculations. The absolute error gives how large the error is,
while the relative error gives how large the error is relative to
the correct value. In numerical calculation, error may occur
due to the following reasons.
• Round off error - A round-off error, also called rounding error,
is the difference between the calculated approximation of a
number and its exact mathematical value.
• Truncation error - A truncation error is the difference
between an actual and a truncated, or cut-off, value.
EXAMPLE:
Find the absolute and relative errors of the
approximation 125.67 to the value
119.66.
Solution:
Absolute error = |125.67-119.66|=6.01
Relative error = |125.67-119.66|/119.66 =
0.05022 x100 = 5.02 %
FOURIER SERIES
• Most of the phenomena studied in the domain of
Engineering and Science are periodic in nature. For
instance, current and voltage in an alternating current
circuit. These periodic functions could be analyzed into
their constituent components (fundamentals and
harmonics) by a process called Fourier analysis.
• Periodic functions occur frequently in the problems
studied during Engineering education. Their
representation in terms of simple periodic functions such
as sine and cosine function, which leads to Fourier
series(FS). Fourier series is a very powerful tool in
connection with various problems involving partial
differential equations.
FOURIER SERIES
• A Fourier series is an expansion of a periodic
function f(x) in terms of an infinite sum of
sines and cosines. Fourier Series makes use of
the orthogonality relationships of the sine and
cosine functions.
FOURIER SERIES
FOURIER SERIES – EXAMPLE 1
• sin x + sin 2x
FOURIER SERIES – EXAMPLE 2
FOURIER SERIES – EXAMPLE 2
FOURIER SERIES – EXAMPLE 2
FOURIER SERIES APPLICATIONS
• Some potential applications of the Fourier series that
were mentioned include signal filtering, noise removal,
identifying the resonant frequency of a structure,
compression of audio signals, and speech recognition.
• These are just some examples, and in reality, they used
the Fourier series in a vast range of industries for a
tremendous variety of purposes. Some other examples
include studying electrical signals, acoustics, optical
engineering, image processing, quantum mechanics
and signal processing.
FOURIER SERIES APPLICATIONS

1. Selective Filtering

• The Fourier series can be used to design filters that remove specific frequency components from a signal
while preserving others. This is known as selective filtering.
• For example, we often design audio filters using the Fourier series to remove unwanted noise from an audio
signal while preserving the desired frequencies.

2. Noise Filtering

• The Fourier series can be used to remove unwanted noise from a signal. This is known as noise reduction or
noise cancellation.
• For example, active noise cancellation headphones use the Fourier series to remove unwanted background
noise from an audio signal.
FOURIER SERIES APPLICATIONS
3. Compression of Signals

• The Fourier series can be used to compress signals by removing redundant information.
• For example, image compression algorithms often use the Fourier transform to remove high-frequency components that are not
perceptible to human vision. This reduces the file size of the image without significantly degrading its quality.

4.Speech Recognition

• The Fourier series can be used for speech recognition. For example, the Fourier series
can be used to process and recognise speech patterns.

5. Heat Transfer Analysis

• Fourier series are used in heat transfer analysis to model and predict the flow of heat in a given system. By representing temperature
changes as a sum of simple periodic functions, engineers can study and optimize heat transfer in various materials and structures.