Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)

FULL SEMESTER INTERNSHIP

NAME : SAMBANGI VAMSI
PIN : 22NU5A0415
YEAR : 4th YEAR
DOMAIN : ROBOTICS
COMPANY NAME : TECKTEAM SOLOUTINS
DEPARTMENT : ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)

Introduction to Robotics
• Robotics is the interdisciplinary branch of science and engineering
that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application
of robots. It involves a wide range of fields, including computer
science, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and control
systems.

What is Robotics?
• Robotics is used in various industries, such as manufacturing,
healthcare, transportation, and space exploration, to automate tasks
and improve productivity. Robots can be designed to perform tasks
that are dangerous, repetitive, or too complex for humans to do
Figure 1
efficiently. They can also be used to assist or augment human
capabilities, expanding the range of what can be achieved.
 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)

History of Robotics

•Ancient Beginnings: Early civilizations built basic mechanical

devices, like water clocks and automata, to mimic simple
movements.
•Renaissance Innovations: Leonardo da Vinci and others
created mechanical figures that laid the groundwork for robotics.
•Industrial Automation: The Industrial Revolution introduced
automated machines in manufacturing, the first steps toward
robotic assistance.
•Modern Robotics Emerges (1950s): George Devol's Unimate,
the first industrial robot, was used in factories, launching the era
of modern robotics.
•AI and Autonomous Robots (21st Century): Today, robots
with artificial intelligence are used in fields like healthcare,
space, and domestic applications.
Figure 2
 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)
Applications of Robotics in various fields

Industrial Automation Healthcare Transportation

Robots are revolutionizing industrial In the medical field, robotics is Robotics is paving the way for the
manufacturing by performing making tremendous strides, from future of transportation, with the
repetitive, high-precision tasks with robotic surgical systems that development of autonomous vehicles
speed and consistency that far enhance the precision and dexterity that can navigate roads and traffic
exceed human capabilities. From of procedures to rehabilitation robots safely and efficiently. These self-
automotive assembly to electronics that aid in patient recovery. These driving systems have the potential to
production, robotics is driving advanced technologies are revolutionize how we move people
increased efficiency, quality, and cost transforming healthcare, improving and goods, reducing accidents,
savings across the industrial outcomes and enhancing the quality improving traffic flow, and providing
landscape. of life for patients. greater mobility for all.
 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)

 What is Arduino

•Definition: Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on

easy-to-use hardware and software. It consists of a microcontroller and
an integrated development environment (IDE) for programming.

•Purpose: Designed for building digital devices and interactive objects

that can sense and control the physical world.

•History: Created in 2005 by a group of students and professors at the

Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Italy. The platform has grown
rapidly, becoming a staple for hobbyists, educators, and professionals.

Fig : 1
 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)

Comparison :
 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)
Motors :

Consider the Power Requirements

Understand the Motor Types

Determine the amount of Familiarize yourself with

torque and speed required the different types of
for your project and select motors, their pros and
a motor that can meet cons, and how they can
those requirements. be controlled with the
Arduino UNO.
Factor in Size and Dimensions Consider Cost and Availability

Choose a motor that fits Select a motor that is

within the physical affordable and readily
constraints of your project available, ensuring that
and can be easily you can easily obtain
mounted and integrated. replacement parts if Figure 4
needed.
Programming the Arduino UNO for Motor Control Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)

Setup the Motor Pins Implement Motor Control Logic

Declare the digital pins connected to Write code to control the speed and
the motor driver circuit as outputs, direction of the motor using
allowing the Arduino UNO to send techniques like Pulse Width
control signals to the motor. Modulation (PWM) and conditional
statements.

Incorporate Feedback
Mechanisms
Use sensors or encoders to monitor Test and Refine the Code
the motor's performance and adjust
Thoroughly test your motor control
the control logic accordingly for
program, troubleshoot any issues,
improved precision and control.
and continuously refine the code to
ensure optimal performance.
 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)

Sensors :
• A sensor is a device that detects and responds to physical changes in its environment by
producing an output, often as an electrical signal. Sensors are essential for converting real-world
physical phenomena (such as temperature, light, pressure) into readable or actionable data.
• The signal produced by a sensor is typically used to measure, monitor, or control a system.
 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)

Fig : Internet of things Hardware

 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)

Actuator:
Actuator is a device that converts the electrical signals into the physical events or characteristics.
It takes the input from the system and gives output to the environment. For example, motors and
heaters are some of the commonly used actuators.
 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)

Establishing Bluetooth connection between

Arduino and mobile device
Scan for Bluetooth Devices
On your mobile device, scan for available Bluetooth devices and locate the
one corresponding to your Arduino's Bluetooth module.

Pair and Connect

Initiate the pairing process by selecting the Bluetooth module from the list of
available devices. Enter the pairing code if prompted and complete the
connection.

Verify Connection
Once the connection is established, the Arduino and mobile device will be
able to exchange data, allowing you to control the LED from your mobile app.
 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)

Wired Robot
A wired robot is a type of robot that is physically
connected to a power source or control system via a
cable or tether. This allows for a stable and reliable
connection, ensuring the robot receives a constant
flow of power and can be precisely controlled by the
operator.

Wireless Robots:

Wireless robots, powered by battery power and

wireless communication, offer greater mobility and
flexibility but require complex power management
and control systems for optimal operation.
Figure 3
Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)
 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)

Introduction to Joints in Robotics

• There are many different types of joints, each with its own
unique capabilities. Some common types of joints include:
revolute joints, prismatic joints, and spherical joints.

• Robotic joints, like human joints, define the range of

motion of a robot. The degrees of freedom (DOF) of a
joint refer to the number of independent movements it
can perform.

Figure 5
 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)

Degrees of Freedom in Robotic Joints

 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)
Applications of Robotic Joints

Medical Space Exploration Agriculture

Robotic joints are used in medical Robotic joints are vital for space Robotic joints are used in
procedures like minimally invasive exploration. Robots with joints can agricultural tasks like
surgery. They provide surgeons navigate difficult terrains, perform harvesting, planting, and
with enhanced precision, dexterity, tasks in harsh environments, and spraying. They offer benefits
and control. Robotic surgery is gather valuable data. They play a like increased efficiency,
becoming increasingly common in key role in missions on Mars and reduced labor costs, and
various specialties. beyond. improved crop yields. Robotic
agriculture is growing rapidly.
 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)

Arduino Board and Components

Arduino Board Electronic Components Power Supply

The Arduino board is the main Arduino projects typically use a Arduino boards can be powered
component that houses the variety of electronic components, through a USB connection or an
microcontroller. It contains various such as LEDs, resistors, capacitors, external power supply, allowing for a
input/output (I/O) pins to connect and sensors, to create interactive wide range of project applications.
sensors, motors, and other and responsive systems.
electronic components.
 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)

Arduino Programming Basics

Setup and Loop
The Arduino program structure consists of two main functions:
setup() and loop(). The setup() function runs once, while the loop()
function runs continuously.

Syntax and Structure

Arduino sketches follow a specific syntax and structure, including
the use of keywords, variables, and functions to control the behavior
of your project.
Commenting and Debugging
Adding comments to your code and using the Arduino IDE's built-in
tools can help you understand and troubleshoot your programs.
 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)
Variables and Data Types
Integers
Whole numbers, such as 1, 42, or -10.

Floats
Decimal numbers, such as 3.14 or -2.5.

Booleans
Values that are either true or false.

Strings
Sequences of characters, such as "Hello, World!".
 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)

Control Structures
If-Else
Conditional statements that execute different blocks of
code based on a condition.

For Loops
Repeat a block of code a specific number of times.

While Loops
Repeat a block of code as long as a condition is true.
 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)

Arduino IDE and Software

Arduino IDE
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a free,
open-source software that allows you to write, compile, and upload
code to your Arduino board.

Programming Language
The Arduino IDE uses a simplified of C/C++ programming language,
making it accessible for beginners and version experienced
programmers alike.

Libraries and Examples

The Arduino IDE comes with a vast library of pre-built functions and
example sketches, making it easier to get started with your projects.
 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)

Minor Projects:

Bluetooth controlled Robot

• A Bluetooth-controlled robot is a robotic system that uses

Bluetooth communication technology to receive commands from a
paired device (like a smartphone, tablet, or computer) to control its
movement and actions.
• The robot typically consists of hardware components such as a
microcontroller (e.g., Arduino), motors, motor drivers, and a
Bluetooth module to enable wireless control.
 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)

Hand Gesture Robot

• A Hand Gesture Robot is a type of robotic system that is

controlled through the movement of human hands.
• This robot uses sensors to detect hand gestures and translates
those gestures into commands that control the robot's actions,
such as movement or performing tasks.
• Hand gesture recognition can be achieved through various
sensors like accelerometers, gyroscopes, and cameras, often
combined with a microcontroller to interpret the data.
 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)

Major Projects:
Face Detection Robot

• The Face Detection Robot detects and follows human faces in real
time.

• It uses a computer camera to track a person’s face and adjusts its

movement to follow that face as it moves.

• This robot allows for natural, hands-free interaction and can be

applied in security, customer service, and assistance.
 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)

Components:

Hardware Requirements:
• Arduino: Acts as the brain of the robot, receiving commands from Python and controlling the motors.

• L298N Motor Driver: Drives the two DC motors based on commands from the Arduino.

• DC Motors: Control the robot's movement to follow the detected face.

• Bluetooth Module: Connects the computer to the Arduino, allowing for wireless communication.

• Computer Camera: Captures video feed and detects faces in real-time.

 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)
Software Requirements:

Visual Studio Code:

• Used to write Python code for face detection and tracking.

• Python libraries (like OpenCV) enable the camera to detect and
follow faces in real time.

Arduino IDE:

• A software platform specifically for writing, compiling, and

uploading code to the Arduino board.
• Controls the motor actions based on commands received from the
Python script via the Bluetooth module.
 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)

Proteus Software:

• A simulation tool for testing the robot’s circuit design, showing how components like the Arduino,
motor driver, and motors interact.

• Allows us to identify and troubleshoot potential issues in the circuit before building it.
 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)

Working Principle

Face Detection:
• The computer camera captures video and detects faces in real-
time using Python libraries (e.g., OpenCV).

Data Processing:
• The program calculates the face's position and sends commands
via Bluetooth to the Arduino.

Robot Movement:
• The Arduino controls the motors (through the L298N motor driver)
to move in the direction of the detected face.
 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)

Advantages:

Hands-Free Interaction:
• Tracks faces naturally, allowing people to interact without manual controls.
Enhanced Security:
• Monitors people by following them, adding a proactive layer of surveillance.
User-Friendly:
• Makes interaction feel natural, enhancing customer or user experience in interactive settings.

Disadvantages :

Environmental Dependence:
• Performance is affected by camera quality and lighting conditions; poor lighting can impact accuracy.
High Processing Demand:
• Real-time face detection requires substantial processing power, potentially making it less responsive with
limited hardware.
 Nadimpalli Satyanarayana Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT)

Conclusion:
• Robotics is an integral part of various industries, including manufacturing, healthcare, and entertainment,
providing automation, efficiency, and improving safety and precision.

• Robots come in different forms, such as wired, wireless, autonomous, and semi-autonomous, each
serving specific purposes in various applications.

• Understanding the role of links, joints, transmissions, and chassis in robot design helps in building robots
with the desired movement and capabilities.

• Microcontrollers, especially Arduino, are essential for controlling robots, enabling them to interact with
sensors, motors, and other components, making them programmable and adaptable.

• Tools like Proteus allow for virtual testing of robots and circuits, helping to refine designs and troubleshoot
issues before physical implementation.

• Practical projects such as Bluetooth-controlled robots, RF-based robot cars, and hand gesture robots
give valuable hands-on experience and understanding of real-world robotics applications.