Application of Computer

Computers have become an essential part

of modern human life. Since the invention of
computer they have evolved in terms of
increased computing power and decreased size.
Owing to the widespread use of computers in
every sphere, Life in today’s world would be
unimaginable without computers. They have
made human lives better and happier. There are
many computer uses in different fields of work.
Engineers, architects, and filmmakers all use
computers to design things. Teachers, writers,
and most office workers use computers for
research, word processing and emailing. Small
• Computers Aid at Education
Computers have its dominant use in the education field
which can significantly enhance performance in learning.
Even distance learning is made productive and effective
through internet and video-based classes. Researchers have
massive usage of these computers in their work from the
starting to till the end of their scholarly work.
• Computers in our Health and
Medicine :
Most of the medical information can now be
digitized from the prescription to reports. Computation in
the field of medicine allows us to offer varied miraculous
therapies to the patients. ECG’s, radiotherapy wasn’t
possible without computers.
 • Aid of Computers at Financial
Institutions:
We know well that computers are being used by

the financial institutions like banks for different purposes.

The foremost important thing is to store information

about different account holders in a database to be

available at any time. Keeping the records of the cash

• Computers
flow, for our
giving the information Passyour
regarding time :
account.

Computers are now the major entertainers and

the primary pass time machines.. We can use
computers for playing games, watching movies,
listening to music, drawing pictures
• Computers are part of our
Transport System :
With internet on computers we can know the
details of the buses or trains or the flight available to
our desired destination. The timings and even the
updates on the delay can also be known through these
computers. We can book our tickets through online.
Staff of the transport system will keep a track of the
passengers, trains or flight details, departure and arrival
•timings
Inevitable
by using use of Computers in
computers.
Business and Corporate Stages :
Every single information shared can be recorded
by using computer. Official deals and the issues were
online. We use email system to exchange the
information. It has wide uses in marketing, stock
exchanges and bank. Even the departmental stores
can’t run effectively without computer.
• Wonders of Computer in E-
Commerce :
Electronic mail is the revolutionary service
offered by the computers. Video Conferencing is also
another major advantage. Electronic shopping through
online shopping added favour to purchaser and
merchants. Electronic banking is now at your hand
where every bank has online support for transaction of
monetary issues. You can easily transfer your money
anywhere even from your home.
 • Computer is today’s Designer :
As per the title computers aid in designing
buildings, magazines, prints, newspapers, books and
many others. The construction layouts are designed
beautifully on system using different tools and
• Computer
software’s.
at our Defence :
Computers are the main tools which help in
developing missiles and other equipment in the
deference system. Designing and the maintenance are
possible only through computers. Computer builds the
links between the soldiers and commanders through the
satellite. Construction of weapons and controlling their
function is not possible without the aid of computers.
 Generation of Computer
The history of the computer goes back
several decades however and there are five
definable generations of computers. Each
generation is defined by a significant
technological development that changes
fundamentally how computers operate – leading
to more compact, less expensive, but more
powerful, efficient and robust machines.
First Generation – Vacuum Tubes
• During the period of 1940 to 1956 first generation of
computers were developed.
• The first generation computers used vacuum tubes for
circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were
often enormous, taking up entire rooms.
• The vacuum tube was developed by Lee De Forest. A
vacuum tube is a device generally used to amplify a
signal by controlling the movement of
electrons in an evacuated space.
• These first generation computers relied on ‘machine
language’ (which is the most basic programming
language that can be understood by computers). These
computers were limited to solving one problem at a time.
Input was based on punched cards and paper tape.

1951 came out on print-outs.

Output 1955
ENIAC
contained
17,468
vacuum
tubes.
It weighed
more than 30
tons.
Disadvantages
• The operating systems of the first generation
computers were very slow.
• They were very large in size.

• Production of the heat was in large amount in

first generation computers.
• Machine language was used for programming.
• First generation computers were unreliable.

• They were difficult to program and use.

Second Generation – Transistors (1955-
1964)
• The replacement of vacuum tubes by transistors (developed
by The scientists at Bell laboratories saw the advent of the
second generation of computing. Although first invented in
1947, transistors weren’t used significantly in computers
until the end of the 1950s. They were a big improvement
over the vacuum tube, despite still subjecting computers to
damaging levels of heat. However they were hugely superior
to the vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, faster,
cheaper and less heavy on electricity

use. They still relied on punched card for input/printouts.

• The language evolved from cryptic binary language to
symbolic (‘assembly’) languages. This meant
programmers could create instructions in words.
Transistor-driven machines were the first computers to
store instructions into their memories – moving from
magnetic drum to magnetic core ‘technology’. The
early versions of these machines were developed for
the atomic energy industry.
• The examples of second generation computers are
IBM 7094 series, IBM 1400 series and CDC 3600.
 Advantages
• Smaller in size as compared to the first generation computers.

• The 2nd generation Computers were more reliable

• Used less energy and were not heated.

• Wider commercial use

• Better portability as compared to the first generation

computers.
• Better speed and could calculate data in microseconds

• Used faster peripherals like tape drives, magnetic disks,

printer
• Used Assembly language instead of Machine language.

• Accuracy improved.
 Disadvantages

• Cooling system was required

• Constant maintenance was required
• Commercial production was difficult
• Only used for specific purposes
• Costly and not versatile
• Puch cards were used for input.
Third Generation – Integrated Circuits
(1964 – 1971)
• The Third generation computers used the integrated
circuits (IC). Jack Kilby developed the concept of
integrated circuit in 1958. It was an important
invention in the computer field. The first IC was
invented and used in 1961. The size of an IC is about
¼ square inch. A single IC chip may contain thousands
of transistors. The computer became smaller in size,
IBM
faster, more reliable and less expensive.
System/360
Advantages
• Smaller in size as compared to previous generations.

• More reliable.

• Used less energy and it produced less heat as compared to

the previous two generations of computers.

• Better speed and could calculate data in nanoseconds.

• Used fan for heat discharge to prevent damage.

• Maintenance cost was low because hardware failure is rare.

• Good storage
Disadvantage:
• Highly sophisticated technology
required for the manufacturing of
Fourth Generation – Microprocessors
(1975-Present)

The fourth generation computers started with the

invention of Microprocessor. The Microprocessor contains
thousands of ICs. Ted Hoff produced the
first microprocessor in 1971 for Intel. It was known as
Intel 4004. The technology of integrated circuits
improved rapidly. The LSI (Large Scale Integration) circuit
and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) circuit was
designed. It greatly reduced the size of computer. The
size of modern Microprocessors is usually one square
inch. It can contain millions of electronic circuits.
Advantages
• More powerful and reliable than
previous generations.
• Fast processing power with less
power consumption
• Fan for heat discharging and
thus to keep cold.
• Less need of repair.
• Cheapest among all generations
• All types of High level languages can be used in
this type of computers
Fifth Generation – Artificial Intelligence
(Present & Beyond)
Scientists are working hard on the 5th generation
computers with quite a few breakthroughs. It is based on the
technique of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Computers can
understand spoken words & imitate human reasoning. Can
respond to its surroundings using different types of sensors.
Scientists are constantly working to increase the processing
power of computers. They are trying to create a computer
with real IQ with the help of advanced programming and
technologies. IBM Watson computeris one example that
outsmarts Harvard UniversityStudents. The advancement in
modern technologies will revolutionize the computer in future.
 Types of Computer
• Supercomputers -are the fastest and the most
expensive computers. These huge computers are used to
solve very complex science and engineering problems.
Supercomputers get their processing power by taking
advantage of parallel processing; they use lots of CPUs at
the same time on one problem. A typical supercomputer
can do up to ten trillion individual calculations every
second. Sunway
Taihulight
• Server- The server’s main purpose is to provide
certain services to other computers or a whole network of
computers. It is much larger than any average computer
and generally a whole room is necessary to fit the whole
server. It has powerful processors, additional amount of
memory and bigger hard drives.

• Personal Computer or PC- A PC is a computer

that is used by someone for his personal use. It is a
complete system in itself and its convenient size, price
and simple functions make it easy for the end-user to
work on it without any intervention from computer
operators.
• Laptop or Notebook- A PC that can be moved

around is called a laptop. It gets its name from the fact that

you can keep it on your lap and use it. It is also called a

notebook because you can carry the battery-operated device

to classes or meetings conveniently and store any notes or

information in it. It integrates the monitor, keyboard,

pointing device, CPU, memory and hard drive in one system.

• Desktop-. Any PC that is designed to be placed on a desk

and not for portability is called a desktop. Such computers
are kept in a somewhat permanent location and can be a
little bulky. They usually have more power and storage

compared to their movable counterparts

• Workstation- This computer is a desktop which is
larger, consists of a more powerful processor, greater
memory space and extra ability to do specific kind of work.
Such a computer is used by programmers, game developers,
video or sound editors and graphic designers.

• Microcontroller- are mini computers that enable the

user to store data and execute simple commands and tasks.
These single circuit devices have minimal memory and
program length but are normally designed to be very good
at performing a niche task. Many such systems are known as
embedded systems. The computer in your car, for example
is an embedded system. A common microcontroller that one
might come across is called Arduino.
Laptop
Wokstation

Desktop Microcontroller