BEE2133

Electrical Machine & Power

System

Chapter 4
An Overview of Power System
Norazila Jaalam
 Chapter outline

• Introduction
• Power system components
- Generation, transmission, distribution
• Power system loads
- Types of load, load demand, demand
curve
• Power system in Malaysia
- Energy generation company
- IPP, co-generator
- National Grid System
 Introduction

Power System

Support Components

Measurement &
Protection System
Monitoring System

Generation Transmission Distribution Load

Main Components
 Power System
Components

• At power generating station (generating

voltage)  11 – 20kV and frequency of 50
Hz
• Transform to higher voltage (transmission
voltage)  132kV, 275kV and 500kV
• Transform to lower voltage (distribution
voltage)  33kV or 11kV
 Power System
Components
Power Station Generation
Step-up transformer (↑ voltage,↓current)

Main Intake/Large Grid System (500kV, 275kV, 132kV, 66kV)

Sub-Station TNB

SESCO
SESB
Reduce the voltage
Sub-Station 33kV,11kV Sub-Station
Transmission

Sub-station Sub-station Rural Transformer Distribution

Industrial: Commercial: Loads

Residential
Factory, Industries Towns, Offices

3 phase - 415 V, single phase - 240 V

Power System
Components
 Power System
Components
AROUND TOWN &
RESIDENTIAL AREA -
Underground distribution to HOUSE - Overhead
individual premises is at distribution
415V and 240 V to individual houses is at 240V.

SMALL INDUSTRY -
Most small factories
receive their electricity at
11kV

HEAVY INDUSTRY - Some have

direct connections to the
transmission at 132kV

POWER STATION- Generator

output at 11kV/20kV is stepped up
by transformer to 132kV 275kV
and 500kV for transmission.

TRANSMISSION - Transmission is
mainly at 132kV, 275kV and 500kV
• Power System
Components
• (Generation)

High voltages of 500kV, 275kV, 132kV are

used for transmitting electricity over the grid
system
 Power System Components
(Generation)
• Generation Plant Mix
 Power System Components
(Generation)
Combustion Turbine Power Plant
 Power System Components
(Generation)
Coal-fired Power Plant
-near a river/lake bcoz large quantities of cooling water are needed
to condense the steam as it exhaust from the turbines
 Power System Components
(Generation)

Hydroelectric
Power Plant

Sultan Mahmud Power Station, Kenyir

Power System Components
(Generation)

Bakun Dam:
Under construction
 Power System Components
(Generation)
TNB Power Stations
Power System Components
(Transmission)

A transformer in a large sub-station

reduces the voltage to 33kV,
22kV,11kV
 Power System Components
(Transmission)
• Lines/transformers operating at voltages
above 100 kV are usually called the
transmission system.
• Consists of Transmission Line and Sub-
stations
• Transmission network of 500kV, 275kV
and 132kV known as National Grid.
 Power System Components
(Transmission)

• Transmission Line
– Overhead Lines
– Cable
• Underground Cables
• Submarine Cables
• Sub-stations
 Power System Components
(Transmission)
Transmission Parameters
OVERHEAD LINE (17,258)
Length 500kV 890
(circuit-km) 275kV 6,199
132kV 9,998
66kV 171

CABLE (723)
Length 275kV 49
(circuit-km) 132kV 674
66kV -

TRANSFORMERS (69,381)
Transformation 500kV 4,500
Capacity 275kV 26,213
(MVA) 132kV 38,258
66kV 410

SUBSTATIONS (375)
Number of 500kV 4
Substations 275kV 67
(TNB) 132kV 299
66kV 5
 Power System Components
(Transmission)
Transmission tower

Waist-Type
Double Circuit
Tower Guyed-V-Tower
Tower
 Power System Components
(Transmission)
Transmission tower
Power System Components
(Transmission)
 Power System Components
(Transmission)
Overhead Line Conductors

Overhead Line
Conductors
 Power System Components
(Transmission)
Sub-station
• Size of substation
– Depends on transformer size
– Typical sizes
• 132kV; 2 x 30MVA, 3 x 45MVA, 2 x 90MVA
• 275kV; 2 x 180MVA, 3 x 180MVA, 2 x 240MVA
• Types of Sub-station
– Conventional outdoor
• Require bigger space
– GIS (gas insulated switchgear)
• Less space
• Outdoor or indoor
Power System Components
(Transmission)

Outdoor Sub-station
Power System Components
(Transmission)

GIS
 Power System Components
(Transmission)
Sub-station Components

• Transformer
• Circuit Breaker / Switch Gear
• Isolator Switches
• Busbar
• Protection Relay & Control Equipment
 Power System Components
(Transmission)
Power Transformer
 Power System Components
(Transmission)
Circuit Breaker

Spark gap. In event of

a lightning strike on the
line, the current can
jump the gap between
that ball and the
protrusion on the tank,
and make a path to
earth. This prevents
overloading the
breaker.
 Power System Components
(Transmission)
Circuit Breaker
 Power System Components
(Transmission)
Insulators
 Power System Components
(Distribution)
Supplies to rural
communities are
often reduced from
11kV to domestic
voltages (415/240V)
by pole mounted
transformers.
 Power System Components
(Distribution)

• Lines/transformers operating at voltages

below 100 kV are usually called the
distribution system.
• Part of the electric utility system between
the bulk power source and the customer
service entrances (loads).
• 33kV, 22kV, 11kV, 6.6kV, 415V and 240V
 Power System Components
(Distribution)

Distribution Sub-station
• Distribution Intakes (33kV, 22kV)
• Distribution Substations (22kV, 11kV, 6.6kV)
– Indoor substation
– Outdoor substation
– Pole mounted substation
– Compact substation
– Underground substation
• Transformer capacity
– 100kVA, 300kVA, 500kVA, 750kVA and 1000kVA
 Power System Components
(Distribution)
Distribution Intake
 Power System Components
(Distribution)
Indoor Sub-station
 Power System Components
(Distribution)
Underground Sub-station
 Power System Components
(Distribution)
Compact Sub-station
 Power System Components
(Distribution)

Outdoor Sub-station
 Power System Components
(Distribution)
Pole-Mounted Sub-station
 Power System Loads

• Types of Load:
– Residential
– Commercial
– Industrial
– Public Transportation
– Public Lighting
– etc.
 Power System Loads
Residential Load
• Consist of lighting, radio, TV, refrigerator, kitchen
appliances, washing machine and etc.
• Usually, increases in the evening around 6 p.m. and
return to a nominal value around 12 p.m.
Commercial Load

• Consists of lighting, air-condition and small appliances.

• Shops, business premises, schools, universities etc.
• The load is fairly constant from 9am until 9pm with the
exception of any mid-day break.
 Power System Loads

Industrial Load
• Mainly consists of motor load, air conditioner,
lighting, welding and furnaces etc.
• It can be divided into small, medium and large
category.
• The nature of industrial load curve depends on
the number of shifts worked in the industry.
Electricity Consumers
 Power System Loads

• Electricity energy cannot be stored.

• Generate electricity based on demand.
• Total power drawn by consumer fluctuates
depends on the time of day and seasons.
• Demand Curve
– Plot each demand of electricity by consumer
daily/annually
 Power System Loads
Demand Curve
 Power System Loads

Load Duration Curve

• 3 types of load
– Base load
• Has to be fed 100% of the time.
– Intermediate loads
• Have to be fed <100% of the time.
– Peak load
• May occur 0.1% of the time.
 Power System Loads
Load Duration Curve
• Plot the duration of each demand on annual based.

Peak Load
(2MW)
Demand (GW)

Intermediate Load
(4MW)

Base Load
(6MW)
100% : 8760hrs
Time in %
 Power System Loads
Load Duration Curve
• Base-power stations
– Deliver full power at all times
– Nuclear, coal-fired stations
• Intermediate-power stations
– Respond relatively quickly to changes in demand
– Usually by adding/removing generating unit
– Hydropower stations
• Peak-power stations
– Deliver power for brief intervals during the day
– Put into service very quickly
– Equipped with prime movers that can be started up in a
few minutes
– Diesel, pumped-storage turbines, gas turbines etc.
 Power System in Malaysia

Main Power Producer in Malaysia

TNB

Co-Generator SESCO

Power
Producer

IPP SESB
 Power System in Malaysia

• Generation capacity of major power producer

 Power System in Malaysia

Independent Power Producer (IPP)

• Privately owned power producer.
• After privatization (1990) – 18 IPP (long term
power purchase agreement)
• Generates and sell power to TNB.
• Upload onto the National Grid.
 Power System in Malaysia

Independent Power Producer (IPP)

• Example
– YTL Generation Sdn. Bhd.
• Paka, Pasir Gudang
– Malakoff Berhad
• Lumut Power Station, Segari
• Prai Power Station, Butterworth
• Tanjung Bin Power Station, Johor
– Genting Sanyen Power Sdn. Bhd.
• Kuala Langat Power Station
 Power System in Malaysia

Co-Generator
• Minor electricity supply
– There are several small distributors buy
electricity from the utilities or generate their
own power, mostly by co-generation.
– Then, distribute to customers within specific
areas such as industrial complexes.
 Power System in Malaysia

Co-Generator
• Example 1 : Petronas Gas Sdn Bhd
– Generate electricity – Co-generator
– Distribute power within two Integrated Petrochemical
Complexes (IPC)
– Central Utilities Facilities (CUF) in Gebeng & Kerteh
• Example 2 : KKIP Power Sdn Bhd
– Purchase power from SESB
– Distribute power within Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park
 Power System in Malaysia

National Grid System

• primary electricity transmission network linking the electricity
generation, transmission, distribution and consumption in Malaysia
• operated and owned by TNB
• more than 420 substation in Peninsular Malaysia are linked together
by the extensive network of transmission lines operating at 132kV,
275kV and 500kV
• Power generated by TNB and IPP is carried by the National Grid
towards customers connected to the various distribution networks
• electrically interconnected to the transmission network of the
Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) and also to
Singapore Power
 Power System in Malaysia

National Grid
System
 Power System in Malaysia

National Grid
System (main)
Power System in Malaysia
Power System in Malaysia
 Power System in Malaysia

National Grid Interconnection

• TNB – EGAT
- HVAC 132kV/115kV overhead lines interconnection
between Bukit Ketri (TNB) and Sadao (EGAT) – 80MW
– HVDC 300kV interconnection overhead lines between
Gurun (TNB) and Ban Khlong Ngae (EGAT) – 300MW
• TNB – SINGAPORE POWER
- HVAC 275kV/230kV submarine cables interconnection
between Pasir Gudang (TNB) and Senoko (Singapore
Power) – 200MW
 Objectives of TNB-EGAT HVDC
Project
• Peak lopping; TNB imports during TNB’s peak
load (morning) and export during lower demand
(evening)
• Sharing of spinning reserves; both TNB and
EGAT reduce their respective spinning reserve
• Economic power exchange; TNB may export if its
price is lower than EGAT and vice versa
• Help each other during system
emergencies/crisis
 Power System in Malaysia

Advantages of national grid system

• Provide multiple paths between various
generation sources and loads
• Provide for power transfers from one geographic
area to another to achieve overall system
operating economics
• Interconnect the bulk power facilities of individual
power station/utilities so that they can better
withstand major disturbances
 Power System in Malaysia

• Other advantages:
– Stability
• Load sharing
– Continuity of service
• Maintenance, breakdown
– Economy
• Cheap & efficient
 Power System in Malaysia

National Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC)

• Located in Bangsar, KL
• Objectives:
– Grid system requires a grid controller/operator
system.
– In order to ensure the supply of energy is safe
and reliable.
 Power System in Malaysia

NLDC Function
• Maintains system stability
– Frequency control
– Voltage within limits
• Achieve minimum operating cost
– Optimize transmission losses
– Merit order generation
• maintain spinning reserve requirements
• co-ordinate generation and transmission maintenance
outages
• Restoration of supply after system fault
Future ASEAN Power
Supply Interconnection