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ARM Based Development: adores/ARM/Arm System-On-Chip Architecture PDF

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44 views9 pages

ARM Based Development: adores/ARM/Arm System-On-Chip Architecture PDF

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itssam4577
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ARM based

Development
Ref: https://www.arm.com/resources/education/books
https://www.ele.uva.es/~jesman/BigSeti/ftp/Microcontrol
adores/ARM/Arm%20System-On-Chip%20Architecture
.pdf
ARM features
• ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) architecture is a family of reduced instruction set
computing (RISC) architectures widely used in embedded systems, mobile devices,
and increasingly in servers and desktops.
• RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing): ARM processors use a simplified set of
instructions, which enables faster processing and more efficient use of memory.
• 32-bit and 64-bit Designs: ARM processors come in both 32-bit (ARMv7) and 64-bit
(ARMv8) designs, allowing them to handle different types of applications from low-
power embedded systems to more complex processing tasks in servers.
• Pipeline Architecture: ARM processors use pipelining, where multiple instructions
are overlapped in execution.
• ARM7 supports both von Neumann architecture and Harvard architecture.
• Whole family share similar design principal.
• Small processor and low power consumption.
• High code density.
• ARM Doesn't Manufacture Chips. ARM is a company who license CPU cores.
IP core
• An ARM IP core (Intellectual Property core) refers to a pre-designed, customizable microprocessor
core that ARM Holdings licenses to other companies for use in designing their own integrated
circuits (ICs) or system-on-chips (SoCs). These IP cores are at the heart of many embedded
systems, mobile devices, and other electronics.
• ARM licenses its processor cores to semiconductor companies, which then integrate these cores
into their own chips. This is referred to as the ARM licensing model.
• Example: ARM Cortex-A series processors are widely used in smartphones, tablets, and laptops.
ARM Development Studio tool is for developing and debugging ARM-based systems.
• In 2021, ARM opened access to Cortex-M0 designs for free as part of the ARM Flexible Access for
Startups program.
Why ARM??
Power Efficiency: ARM's RISC-based design focuses on executing a limited set of instructions in a
more efficient manner, leading to lower power consumption.
Licensing Model: ARM operates on a licensing model, allowing other companies to design their own
processors based on ARM cores. This has led to a diverse ecosystem of ARM-based chips designed by
companies such as Qualcomm, Apple, Samsung, and NVIDIA, each optimized for specific use cases.
Integration: ARM processors are often integrated into System-on-Chip (SoC) designs, which combine
the CPU, GPU, memory controller, and other components onto a single chip.
Mobile Dominance: ARM has become the dominant architecture in the mobile phone market. The
majority of modern smartphones, including those made by Apple and Samsung, are powered by ARM-
based chips.
Security: ARM processors offer built-in hardware security.
ome History and applications

• ARM6 (1991)
Ex: Apple Newton (1993): A pioneering personal digital assistant (PDA) that used the ARM6
processor.
• ARM7 (1994)
Ex: Nokia 6110 (1997): One of the early mobile phones to use
• ARM7
Ex: Nokia 3310 (2000): One of the best-selling mobile phones, also utilizing the ARM7TDMI core.
• ARM11 (2002)
Ex: Apple iPhone (1st Generation, 2007): The original iPhone, which revolutionized
smartphones, used an ARM11 processor.
• Apple Custom ARM (M1/M2, 2020-Present)
Ex: Apple MacBook Pro M2 (2022): A high-end laptop using Apple's ARM-based M2 chip for
professional-grade computing and multimedia tasks.

ARM can refer to both microcontrollers and microprocessors. Example: Cortex-A (e.g.,
Snapdragon) as microprocessor and Cortex-M (e.g., STM32) as microcontroller.
ARM naming conversion

ARMxyzTDMIEJFS:

x: Series (e.g., 7, 9, 11)


y: Memory Management Unit (MMU) : (Enabling effective memory management, enhancing
security, and allowing multiple processes to run efficiently on systems)
z: Cache
T: Thumb mode support
D: Debugger functionality (includes integrated debugger functionality tool)
M: Multiplier feature
I: Embedded ICE (built-in debugging hardware)
E: Enhanced instruction set
J: Jazelle (Java support, specifically for the Java Virtual Machine)
F: Floating-point coprocessor support
S: Synthesizable version (indicating it is a source code version)
ARM7TDMI processor
architecture
Clock Control Signals
Master clock signal, Signal to indicate a wait state, Enhanced clock
signal for additional operations.
2. Interrupts
Interrupt request signal for handling standard interrupts.
3. Bus Control Signals
Address bus enable, address latch enable manage address lines during
bus operations.
4. Debug Signals
Request for debug operation, Breakpoint, Execute Command.
5. Memory Interface Signals
Data input/output from memory or I/O, memory access(read/write).
6. MMU (Memory Management Unit) Interface Signals
Signal indicating the current operational mode (e.g., supervisor, user
mode), signal for aborting a memory access, typically due to an error.
8. Coprocessor Interface
Signals that manage interactions with coprocessors, allowing for
extended functionality.
9. JTAG Controls
Signals used for testing and debugging the hardware, facilitating
boundary scan and programming of the processor.
ARM5, ARM6, ARM7, and the ARM Cortex series represent distinct generations and
architectures of ARM processors, each optimized for different applications and evolving
performance needs.
ARMv5 follows a 32-bit architecture, and it's among the earlier generations of ARM designs.
(late 1990)
ARMv7 architecture is the foundation for the first ARM Cortex-A, Cortex-R, and Cortex-M series
processors, marking a significant leap in ARM's processor designs. (Late 2000)
Cortex-A Series (Application Processors)
High-performance applications such as smartphones, tablets, and embedded systems running
operating systems.
Cortex-R Series (Real-Time Processors)
Real-time, safety-critical applications like automotive, industrial, and medical systems.
Cortex-M Series (Microcontrollers)
Low-power embedded systems, IoT devices, microcontrollers.
More features
• ARM based on RISC architecture: Reduce instruction, single cycle, fixed length
• Large number of General-Purpose Registers (GPR).
• Load/Store architecture: Data processing on register only. Load/ Store for transfer data from and to
memory.
• ARM is different form pure RISC.
• Unlike pure RISC, ARM supports both 32-bit (ARM instructions) and 16-bit (Thumb instructions)
instruction sets. The Thumb instruction set allows for more compact code, which is useful in
memory-constrained environments like embedded systems.
• ARM incorporates a barrel shifter in its instruction set, which allows a value to be shifted as
part of many arithmetic operations, effectively reducing the number of instructions needed for
certain calculations. Pure RISC does not typically integrate such a feature.
• ARM allows most instructions to be conditionally executed based on the values of
condition flags.
• ARM designs are highly optimized for low power consumption, making them popular in
mobile devices and embedded systems. While power efficiency is not strictly a feature of RISC.
ARM Architecture

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