Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Components of Computer
and
Data Representation

Shahab Haider

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Parts of a Computer
• There are two main parts of computers, hardware and software
– Hardware is all of the parts of the computer you can see ( ? ) and touch.
E.g.,
• Monitor, Keyboard, Processor, Memory, Circuits, Cables
etc
– Software refers to parts of the computer which do not have a material
form. E.g.,
• Data, Programs, Protocols etc

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing
Computer :
An External Look
• Casing [with components inside]
– Next slide
• Monitor
– Lets the user see how the computer is
responding to their command
• Keyboard
– For entering text commands
• Mouse
– Point-and-Click interface for
interacting with graphical
environment

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing
Computer:
Internal Components (-1-)
• Inside the casing, we have a built-in power supply along with:
– Motherboard
• It is the central printed circuit board (PCB) where the
core components of your computer reside
– provides slots to host microprocessor, memory, driver controllers,
graphics card, modem, network card etc
– also provides electrical connections by which these hosted components
communicate

– Hard Disk Drive

• Permanent storage for data and programs. Also,
normally, your operating system is installed here.
– CD-ROM / DVD Player

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing
Computer:
Internal Components (-2-)

Power Supply

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Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing
Computer:
Motherboard:
Internal Components (-3-)
Connectors &
Ports
HDMI (High-Definition
Multimedia Interface) is a
compact audio/video interface
for transferring uncompressed
video data and
compressed/uncompressed
digital audio data from a HDMI-
compliant device to a
compatible computer monitor,
video projector etc.

RJ=Registered Jack

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing
Computer:
Internal Components (-3-)
PCI Slot AGP Slot
[sound, network, [Graphics
modem] ]

IDE / ATA Connector

[hard disk, CD-ROM]

DRAM
Power Memory Slot for
Connector Slot Microprocesso
r
Motherboard: Sockets & Slots
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Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing
Computer:
Internal Components (-4-)

Microprocessor

Graphics Card

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing
Computer:
Internal Components (-5-)

RAM Network Card

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing
Computer:
Internal Components (-6-)

Hard Disk Drive DVD RW

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing
Computer:
Peripherals
• A peripheral device is an equipment that might be
added to a computer system to enhance its
functionality
– Printer
– Digital camera
– Scanner
– Projector
– Joystick
– Graphics tablet

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Data Representation

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Data Representation
• Modern computers are digital devices
– A digital device works with discrete data, such as the digits
1 and 0
– An analog device works with continuous data

• Just as a standard light switch is a simpler technology

than a dimmer, so is digital when compared to analog
digital analog

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Number System

• We use decimal number system [base 10] when representing

numeric values in our daily life
– E.g., consider the number 123
• 123 = 100 + 20 + 3 = 1*102 + 2 * 101 + 3*100
• Most modern computer systems do not use the decimal
system to represent numeric values.
– Instead, they use a binary numbering system [base 2]
• Consisting of only two digits: 1 and 0
• Uses powers of 2 rather than 10

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Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Converting Binary to Decimal

What is the decimal equivalent of the binary

number 1101110?
1 x 26 = 1 x 64 = 64
+ 1 x 25 = 1 x 32 = 32
+ 0 x 24 = 0 x 16 =0
+ 1 x 23 = 1x8 =8
+ 1 x 22 = 1x4 =4
+ 1 x 21 = 1x2 =2
+ 0 x 2º = 0x1 =0
= 110 in base 10

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Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Converting Binary to Octal

• Mark groups of three (from right)

• Convert each group

10101011 10 101 011

2 5 3

10101011 is 253 in base 8

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Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Converting Binary to Hexadecimal

• Mark groups of four (from right)

• Convert each group

10101011 1010 1011

A B

10101011 is AB in base 16

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Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Converting Decimal to Other Bases

Algorithm for converting number in base 10 to

other bases

While (the quotient is not zero)

Divide the decimal number by the new base
Make the remainder the next digit to the left in the
answer
Replace the original decimal number with the quotient

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Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Conversions

• Conversion from binary to decimal:

– (1011)2 = 1*23 + 0*22 + 1*21 + 1*20 = (11)10
• Conversion from decimal to binary:
2 125
2 62 – 1 2 16
2 31 – 0 2 8 – 0
2 15 – 1 (125)10 2 4 – 0
(16)10
2 7 – 1 = (1111101)2 2 2 – 0 = (10000)2
2 3 – 1 2 1 – 0
2 1 – 1

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Converting Decimal to Octal

Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal

• How ???

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Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Converting Octal to Decimal

What is the decimal equivalent of the octal

number 642?

6 x 82 = 6 x 64 = 384
+ 4 x 81 = 4 x 8 = 32
+ 2 x 8º = 2 x 1 = 2
= 418 in base 10

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Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Converting Hexadecimal to Decimal

What is the decimal equivalent of the

hexadecimal number DEF?

D x 162 = 13 x 256 = 3328

+ E x 161 = 14 x 16 = 224
+ F x 16º = 15 x 1 = 15
= 3567 in base 10

Remember, the digit symbols in base 16 are

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

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Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Converting Decimal to Octal

What is 1988 (base 10) in base 8?

Try it!

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

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Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Converting Decimal to Octal

248 31 3 0
8 1988 8 248 8 31 8 3
16 24 24 0
38 08 7 3
32 8
68 0
64
4

Answer is : 3 7 0 4

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Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal

What is 3567 (base 10) in base 16?

Try it!

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 20

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Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal

222 13 0
16 3567 16 222 16 13
32 16 0
36 62 13
32 48
47 14
32
15
DEF

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Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Exercise

• Convert the following numbers from Octal to Decimal

 200 , 657 , 757

• Convert the following from Hexadecimal to Decimal

 201 , 171 , 39F

• Convert the following from Binary to Decimal

 101000001 , 101011001 , 100111001

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

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Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Exercise …

• Convert the following from Binary to Octal

 1100111101 , 100111011, 110010100

• Convert the following from Binary to Hexadecimal

 110010011 , 1110010001 , 110110111

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

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Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Exercise…
• Convert the following from Decimal to Octal
 310 , 1221 , 1364

• Convert the following from Decimal to Hexa Decimal

 513 , 369 , 927

• Convert the following from Decimal to Binary

 321 , 345 , 313

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing
Representing
Non-Numeric Data
• Some decimal values & their binary equivalents 
• In addition to numeric data, computers also
manipulate character data
• numbers, symbols, numerals that are not used
in arithmetic operations
– To represent them, codes have been developed
that specify binary equivalent for each character
• ASCII – 7 bits [Example table given ]
• Unicode – 16 bits Char Decimal Binary
A 65 100 0001
• Sounds and pictures must be transformed
B 66 100 0010
into a format the computer can understand
– A computer must digitize colors, notes, and 0 48 011 0000
instrument sounds into 1s and 0s 1 49 011 0001
$ 36 010 0100
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Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Quantifying Bits and Bytes

• A bit is one binary digit (b):
– can have value either 0 or 1
• A byte is 8 bits (B)
– 0010 0100
• Kilo- means a 1000; Mega- means million; Giga -means billion
– Kilobit (Kb) is 1,024 bits
– Kilobyte (KB) is 1,024 bytes
– Megabyte (MB) is 1,048,576 bytes
– Gigabyte (GB) is 1,073,741,824 bytes
• Bits take the form of electrical pulses that can travel over
circuits
– Almost the same way as electricity flows over a wire when you turn on
a light switch
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Lecture 02: Components of Computer CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Link to the course material

• https://drive.google.com/open?
id=1r9MYaH8XYvWjVPpLjHe0zo_76nImf3zZ

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi