6.0 Chemical Sterilization

CHEMICAL PRINCIPLE
STERILIZATI
LABORATORY SCIENCE
MLS1113
AIMAN AFIF ROSLAN
ON
Chemical
sterilization
Disinfectant Antiseptic
• Definition:
• The destruction of organisms that could create a
Disinfectio potential hazard to humans or compromise of
n the equipment.
• Implies the use of antimicrobial agents on
objects (floors, bench tops, equipment)
4
Antiseptic
• Antiseptic are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living
tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or
putrefaction.
• Sepsis: the presence in tissues of harmful bacteria and their toxins,
typically through infection of a wound.
• Putrefaction: the process of decay or rotting in a body or other
organic matter.
• Frequently disinfect all floors, cabinet tops, and equipment
where biohazardous materials are used.
• Decontaminate all infectious materials and contaminated
General equipment before they are stored, or discarded.
Procedures • Use autoclavable or disposable materials whenever

possible.
• Keep reusable and disposable items separate.
6
• Minimize the amount of materials and
equipment present when working with infectious
agents.
• Sterilize, properly store, or dispose of all

biohazardous materials at the end of each day.
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 The choice of method for
sterilization or disinfection will
Choosing a depend on two factors:
• The target organism (the
Method biological agent)
• The characteristics of the
materials or areas to be cleaned
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Selecting a Disinfectant
• Use the following table to aid in Substance Description

the selection of an appropriate
disinfectant: Alcohols Ethyl or isopropyl alcohol at 70%-80% concentration is a good
general-purpose disinfectant; not effective against bacterial
spores
Phenols Effective against vegetative bacteria, fungi, and lipid-

containing viruses; unpleasant odor; toxic by skin contact.
Formaldehyde At a concentration of 5-8% formalin, good disinfectant

properties against vegetative bacteria, spores, and viruses;
irritating odor; carcinogen
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Selecting a Substance Description
Disinfectant Quaternary ammonium
compounds
Cationic detergents which are strongly surface
active; extremely effective against lipoviruses;
not effective against bacterial spores; may be
neutralized by anionic detergents (soaps).
•Table 1: Descriptions of
commonly used disinfectants
Chlorine Low concentrations (50-500ppm) active
against vegetative bacteria and most viruses;
higher concentrations (2500ppm) required for
bacterial spores; corrosive to metal surfaces;
laundry bleach (5.25% chlorine) may be diluted
and used as a disinfectant.
Iodine Recommended for general use; effective

against vegetative bacteria and viruses; poor
activity against bacterial spores.
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Disinfectant vs
Disinfection
• Disinfection - Process of
inactivating
microorganisms by direct
exposure to chemical
agents.
• Disinfectant - Products that
destroy or inhibit the
growth of microorganisms
on inanimate objects or
surfaces.
Disinfectants Antiseptic
products that destroy or inhibit the products that destroy or inhibit the
growth of microorganisms on growth of microorganisms in or on
inanimate objects or surfaces. living tissues.
Following the certain characteristics:
1. Wide spectrum of antimicrobial

activity.
Properties of 2. It should not be toxic to people or

Ideal corrosive from common materials.
Disinfectant 3. It should be stable upon storage and

should not undergo any chemical
changes.
4. It should be odorless or with a

pleasant odor.
5. It should be soluble in water and lipids for penetration into
microorganisms.
6. It should be effective in acids as well as in alkaline medium.
7. It should have speedy action.
8. Inexpensive.
Action of Disinfectants
1. Damages to cell wall and alter permeability of cell membrane, resulting in

exposure, damage or loss of cellular contents.
2. Alter proteins and cause coagulation of proteins.
3. Inhibit enzyme action and inhibit nucleic acid synthesis or alter nucleic
acid molecules.
4. Cause oxidation and hydrolysis.
Factors that Influencing Activity
Temperature
Increase in temperature, increase the efficiency of disinfectant.
Type of microorganism
Vegetative cells are more susceptible than spores.
Physiological state of the cells

Young and metabolically active cells are more sensitive than old dormant
cells.
Properties
Physical and chemical properties medium or substance
influences rate as well as efficiency of disinfectant.
Types of Disinfectant
a) Phenolic compound
b) Halogen
c) Alcohols
d) Aldehydes
e) Gases
f) Surface active agent
g) Oxidizing agents
h) Heavy metal
Phenol
• Bactericidal, bacteriostatic
and fungicidal.
• Act by denaturing proteins
and disrupting cell
membrane.
Halogen
• Group in the periodic table

consisting of five chemically
related elements: fluorine (F),
chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine
(I), and astatine (At).
• Microbicidal not microbiostatic.
• Highly effective components of
disinfectant and antiseptics.
• Chlorine and iodine routinely
used.
Alcohols
Ethyl alcohol and

Effective against
Bactericidal and isopropyl alcohol
some lipids
fungicidal most popular
containing viruses
germicides.
Aldehydes
• Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde.

• Bactericidal, sporacidal and efffective against viruses.
Gases
• Used for sterilization and disinfectant of large
volume of heat sensitive disposable items and also
instruments.
• Ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, and beta-
propiolactone.
Ethylene oxide sterilization

• Substances that alter energy relationship at
interfaces producing a reduction in surface
Surface tension.
Oxidizing • Four types:
Agent • Anionic
• Cationic
• Nonionic
• amphoteric
• Includes hydrogen peroxide, halogen, potassium
Oxidizing permanganate and sodium perborate.
Agent • Less effective in the presence of organic matter.

• Soluble salts of mercury, silver, copper and
others.
Heavy • Both bactericidal and bacteriostatic.
Metal • They combine with protein often with their
sulfhydryl group and inactivate them.
• Bactericidal – an agent that destroy bacteria
• Bacteriostatic - Capable of inhibiting the growth or
reproduction of bacteria.
• Fungicidal - A chemical substance that destroys
• Fungistatic - inhibits the growth of fungi.
Index • Microbicidal - destructive to microbes.
• Microbiostatic - inhibit grow but does not kill
Thank You

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CHEMICAL PRINCIPLE

Procedures • Use autoclavable or disposable materials whenever

• Sterilize, properly store, or dispose of all

• Use the following table to aid in Substance Description

Phenols Effective against vegetative bacteria, fungi, and lipid-

Formaldehyde At a concentration of 5-8% formalin, good disinfectant

Iodine Recommended for general use; effective

1. Wide spectrum of antimicrobial

Properties of 2. It should not be toxic to people or

Disinfectant 3. It should be stable upon storage and

4. It should be odorless or with a

1. Damages to cell wall and alter permeability of cell membrane, resulting in

Physiological state of the cells

• Group in the periodic table

Ethyl alcohol and

• Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde.

Ethylene oxide sterilization

Agent • Less effective in the presence of organic matter.

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