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Lecture 2

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smartyhim23
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Digital Image Processing

Lecture 2

Ashwini Kumar Upadhyay


M.Tech, IIT Kanpur
Ph.D (Pursuing)
Medical Image Analysis with Deep
Learning
Introducti
on
Digital
Image
A two-dimensional function f (x, y)
Here X and Y are spatial coordinates
The amplitude of f is called intensity or gray level
at the point (x, y)
Digital Image Processing
Process digital images by means of computer
low-level: inputs and outputs are images
mid-level: outputs are attributes
extracted from input images
high-level: an ensemble of
recognition of individual objects

Pixel
The elements of a digital image
Sources for
Images
► Electromagnetic (EM) energy spectrum
► Acoustic (SONAR for ocean mapping)
► Ultrasonic
► Electronic (Synthetic images produced by
computer)
Electromagnetic (EM) energy
spectrum

Major uses
Gamma-ray imaging: nuclear medicine and astronomical observations
X-rays: medical diagnostics, industry, and astronomy, etc.
Ultraviolet: lithography, industrial inspection, microscopy, lasers, biological
imaging, and astronomical observations
Visible and infrared bands: light microscopy, astronomy, remote sensing,
industry, and law enforcement
Microwave band: radar
Radio band: medicine (such as MRI) and astronomy
Examples: Gama-Ray
Imaging

Weeks 1 &
Examples: X-Ray
Imaging

1
0
Examples: Ultraviolet
Imaging

Weeks 1 &
Examples: Light Microscopy
Imaging

Weeks 1 &
Examples: Visual and Infrared
Imaging

Weeks 1 &
Weeks 1 &
Examples: Infrared Satellite
Imaging

Weeks 1 &
Example of Radar
Image

Weeks 1 &
Examples: MRI (Radio
Band)

Weeks 1 & 2
2 0
Examples: Ultrasound
Imaging

Weeks 1 & 21
2
Applications of DIP
 Medical image analysis (MRI/PET/CT/X-ray tumor
detection/classification)
 Face, fingerprint, and other object recognition
 Image and/or video compression
 Image segmentation and/or denoising
 Digital image/video watermarking/steganography
and detection
 Satellite Image Processing (Weather & flood
forecasting, Crop analysis, forest cover analysis,
disaster management, reconnaissance, etc.)
 Whatever you’re interested …
Examples: Automated Visual
Inspection

Weeks 1 &
Examples: Automated Visual
Inspection

Results of
automated
reading of the
plate content
by the
system

The area in
which the
imaging
system
detected the
plate

Weeks 1 &
Fundamental Steps in
DIP Extracting
image
components

Improving
the Partition an image
appearance into its constituent
parts or objects

Result is
more Represent image
suitable for computer
than the processing
original

Weeks 1 & 22
2
Light and EM Spectrum
► The colors that humans perceive in an
object are determined by the nature of
the light reflected from the object.

e.g. green objects reflect light with wavelengths


primarily in the 500 to 570 nm range while
absorbing most of the energy at other
wavelength

Weeks 1 & 24
2
Light and EM Spectrum
► Monochromatic light: void of color
Intensity is the only attribute, from black to
white Monochromatic images are referred to
as gray-scale
images

► Chromatic light bands: 0.43 to


0.79 um The quality of a chromatic
light source: Radiance: total amount of
energy
Luminance (lm): the amount of energy an observer
perceives from a light source
Brightness: a subjective descriptor of light perception
that
Weeks 1& is impossible to measure. It embodies the achromatic 25
2 notion of intensity and one of the key factors in describing
color sensation.
A Simple Image Formation
Model
f (x, y) = i(x, y)•r(x, y)
•f (x, y): intensity at the point (x, y) i(x, y):
illumination at the point (x, y)
• (the amount of source illumination incident
on the scene)
• r(x, y): reflectance/transmissivity at the point
(x, y)
•(the amount of illumination reflected/transmitted by the object)
where 0 < i(x, y) <  and 0 < r(x, y) < 1 27
Some Typical Ranges of
illumination
► Illumination
Lumen — A unit of light flow or luminous flux
Lumen per square meter (lm/m2) — The metric unit of
measure for illuminance of a surface

 On a clear day, the sun may produce in excess of 90,000


lm/m2 of illumination on the surface of the Earth

 On a cloudy day, the sun may produce less than 10,000


lm/m2 of illumination on the surface of the Earth

 On a clear evening, the moon yields about 0.1 lm/m2 of


illumination

 The typical illumination level in a commercial office is


about 1000 lm/m2 28
Some Typical Ranges of
Reflectance
► Reflectance

 0.01 for black velvet

 0.65 for stainless steel

 0.80 for flat-white wall


paint

 0.90 for silver-plated


metal
29

 0.93 for snow


Components of General Purpose Image processing system
• Image Sensor: CMOS, CCD
• Image Processing Hardware: Digitizing, basic
operations like averaging etc. for fast pre-processing
of images/videos which main CPU can’t handle. GPUs
like NVIDIA graphics card are a good example.
• Computer: Contains software for image processing,
storage, communication, printing, and display tasks.

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