SETS

A set is a well-defined collection

of distinct objects.
•It usually represented by
capital letters.
•The objects of a set are
separated by commas.
•The objects that belong in a set
are the elements, or members of
the set.
•It can be represented by
listing its element between
braces.
•A set is said to be well –
defined if the elements in a set
are specifically listed.
EXAMPLES:
A= {a,e,I, o,u]
B = {set of plane figures)
C={Ca, Au, Ag]
 NOTATION
Notation
If S is a set, the notation
-x ∈S means that xis an
element of S
-x ∉ S means that x is not an
element of S)
A variation of notation is used to
describe a very large set.
-(1, 2, 3…,100} refer to set
of all integers from 1 to 100.
-{1, 2,3,…] refer to set of
all positive integers.
The symbol… is called an
ellipses and is read “and so
forth”
Using the Set-Roster Notation
A set may be specified using the
set-roster notation by writing all
elements between braces.
Example:
-Let A={1, 2, 3], B = {3, 1, 2},
and C= {1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3}.
What are the element of A, B,
and C? How are A, B, and C
related?
 A, B, C have exactly the
same three elements, 1, 2,
3. Therefore A,B, and C are
simply represented in
different ways. -Is [0]=0?[0}
≠0 because [0} is a set with
one element, namely 0,
whereas 0is just the symbol
that represents the number
zero.
 -For each nonnegative
integer n, let Un={n,-n}.
Find U1, U2, and Uo.
U1={1,-1}, U2 = {2,-2},
Uo = {0,-0} = {0,0}= {0}.
Cartesian Sets of Numbers
Some important sets are the
following:
1. N= {1, 2, 3, …} = the set of
natural numbers.
2. W = {0,1, 2, 3, …}= the set
of whole numbers
3. Z={-3,-2,-1,0, 1,2, 3, …}=
the set of
4. Q= the set of rational
numbers (terminating or
repeating decimals)
5. Q’ = the set of irrational
numbers (non terminating,
non repeating decimals).
6. R= the set of real numbers
7. C= the set of complex
numbers
Set-Builder Notation
Let S denote and let P(x) be a
property that elements of S may or
may not satisfy. We define a new
set to be the set of all elements x
in S such that P(x)is true. We
denote this set as follows:
{x ∈S |P(x)}
the set of all
such that
Using the Set-Builder Notation

Given that Z the set of all

integers, and Z+ the set of
all positive integers,
describe the following sets.
A){x ∈ Z|-2<x<5}
b){x ∈ Z+|-2<x<5}
A){x ∈ Z|-2<x<5}
{x ∈ Z|-2<x<5} is the set of
all integers(strictly)between
-2 and 5. It is equal to the
set
{-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
b){x ∈ Z+|-2<x<5] Since all
the integers in Z+ are
positive.
{xe Z+|-2 <x< 5}={1, 2,
Definitions Regarding Sets
•A set is finite if the number of
elements is countable.
EXAMPLES:
A=(even numbers less than 10)
B=(days in a week)
•A set is infinite if the numbers
of elements cannot be counted.
EXAMPLES:
A=(hair in the body)
B=(odd numbers)
C=(stars in the sky)
Equal and Equivalent Sets
Equal sets are set with exactly the
same elements and cardinality.
Example:
A={c,a,r,e}
B={r,a,c,e}
Equivalent sets are set with the same
number of elements or cardinality.
Example:
A= {a,e, I,o,u}
B={1,2,3,4,5}
 Joint and Disjoint Sets
Joint sets are set with
common
elements(intersection).
Example:
A= {c,a,r,e]
B={b,e,a,r,s}
Disjoint sets are set with no
Example:
The set A = {a, b, c} and B
= {e, f,g} are disjoint sets,
since no elements are
common.
 Universal Set
•The set of all elements. We
will use the letter U to
denote universal set.
EXAMPLE:
If A={ 1,2, 3} and B={ 3,
4,5, 5}, then the universal
set U is,
The empty set or null set is
the set that contains no
elements.The symbol ∅ or
{}is represent the empty
set.
EXAMPLES:
A = {days start with letter
L}
B= {triangles with 4 sides}
 SUBSETS
If A and B are sets, then A is
called a subset of B, written
A⊆B, if, and only if, every
element of A is also element
of B.
A⊆B means that for all
elements x, if x∈A then x∈B.
 PROPER SUBSETS
Let A ad B be sets, A is a
propar subret of B, if, and
only if, every element of B is
in B but there is a least one
elemenl of B that is not in A.
EXAMPLE
Let A=Z+, B= { n∈Z | 0 ≤ n
≤ 100}
: C and B have at least one
element in common
Ex. 100 is in both C and B
• C⊆C – every element in C
is in C. In general, the
definition of subset implies
that all sets are subsets of
themselves.
 ORDERED PAIR
Given the elements a and b,
the symbol (a,b) denotes the
ordered pair consisting of a
and b together with the
specification that a is the
first element of the pair and
b is the second element.
THE CARTESIAN PRODUCT

The Cartesian product of A

and B denoted as AxB and
read A times B is the set of
all ordered pairs (a, b)
where a is in A and b is in B.
 QUIZ
1. A well-defined collection of of
district object. (Set)
2-3. Give the two types of
notation.
4. This symbol represents all the
sets of integers.
5. This is a set with exactly the
same element and cardinality.
 QUIZ
True or False.
7. A set may be specified
using the Set builder notation
by writing all elements
between braces. (False)
8. N is the symbol for the sets
of natural number. (True)
 QUIZ

9. Even numbers less than 20 is an

example of infinite sets (false)
10. W is the symbol for the sets of
whole numbers (true)
11. Set of negative numbers whose
divisible by by – 4 between 0 to -20 .
12. Set of barangay in malinao at
least 3 barangays