OSI Model

Prepared by: Mr Ebra Ceesay

 OSI Model
• OSI stands for Open System Interconnection is a
reference model that describes how information from a
software application in one computer moves through a
physical medium to the software application in another
computer.
• OSI consists of seven layers, and each layer performs a
particular network function.
• OSI model was developed by the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) in 1984, and it is now considered as
an architectural model for the inter-computer
communications.
• OSI model divides the whole task into seven smaller and
manageable tasks. Each layer is assigned a particular task.
• Each layer is self-contained, so that task assigned to each
layer can be performed independently.
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Characteristics of OSI Model:

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• The OSI model is divided into two layers: upper layers
and lower layers.
• The upper layer of the OSI model mainly deals with the
application related issues, and they are implemented
only in the software. The application layer is closest to
the end user. Both the end user and the application
layer interact with the software applications. An upper
layer refers to the layer just above another layer.
• The lower layer of the OSI model deals with the data
transport issues. The data link layer and the physical
layer are implemented in hardware and software. The
physical layer is the lowest layer of the OSI model and
is closest to the physical medium. The physical layer is
mainly responsible for placing the information on the
physical medium.

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 7 Layers of OSI Model

 There are the seven OSI layers. Each layer has

different functions. A list of seven layers are
given below:
1. Physical Layer

2. Data-Link Layer

3. Network Layer

4. Transport Layer

5. Session Layer

6. Presentation Layer

7. Application Layer

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 Physical layer

• The main functionality of the physical layer is to

transmit the individual bits from one node to
another node.
• It is the lowest layer of the OSI model.
• It establishes, maintains and deactivates the
physical connection.
• It specifies the mechanical, electrical and
procedural network interface specifications.

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 Functions of a Physical layer:

• Line Configuration: It defines the way how two

or more devices can be connected physically.
• Data Transmission: It defines the transmission
mode whether it is simplex, half-duplex or full-
duplex mode between the two devices on the
network.
• Topology: It defines the way how network devices
are arranged.
• Signals: It determines the type of the signal
used for transmitting the information.

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 Data-Link Layer

• This layer is responsible for the error-free transfer of data frames.

• It defines the format of the data on the network.
• It provides a reliable and efficient communication between two or
more devices.
• It is mainly responsible for the unique identification of each device
that resides on a local network.
• It contains two sub-layers:
• Logical Link Control Layer It is responsible for transferring the packets
to the Network layer of the receiver that is receiving.
• It identifies the address of the network layer protocol from the header
• Media Access Control Layer
• A Media access control layer is a link between the Logical Link Control
layer and the network's physical layer.
• It is used for transferring the packets over the network.

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 Functions of the Data-link layer

 Framing: The data link layer translates the physical's raw bit
stream into packets known as Frames. The Data link layer adds
the header and trailer to the frame. The header which is added to
the frame contains the hardware destination and source address.
• Redundancy Check) that is placed to the Data link layer's trailer
which Physical Addressing: The Data link layer adds a header to
the frame that contains a destination address. The frame is
transmitted to the destination address mentioned in the header.
• Flow Control: Flow control is the main functionality of the Data-
link layer. It is the technique through which the constant data rate
is maintained on both the sides so that no data get corrupted. It
ensures that the transmitting station such as a server with higher
processing speed does not exceed the receiving station, with
lower processing speed.

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 Network Layer

• It is a layer 3 that manages device addressing, tracks

the location of devices on the network.
• It determines the best path to move data from source
to the destination based on the network conditions,
the priority of service, and other factors.
• The Data link layer is responsible for routing and
forwarding the packets.
• Routers are the layer 3 devices, they are specified in
this layer and used to provide the routing services
within an internetwork.
• The protocols used to route the network traffic are
known as Network layer protocols. Examples of
protocols are IP and Ipv6.
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 Functions of Network Layer:
• Internetworking: An internetworking is the main
responsibility of the network layer. It provides a logical
connection between different devices.
• Addressing: A Network layer adds the source and destination
address to the header of the frame. Addressing is used to
identify the device on the internet.
• Routing: Routing is the major component of the network layer,
and it determines the best optimal path out of the multiple
paths from source to the destination.
• Packetizing: A Network Layer receives the packets from the
upper layer and converts them into packets. This process is
known as Packetizing. It is achieved by internet protocol (IP).

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 Transport Layer
• The Transport layer is a Layer 4 ensures that
messages are transmitted in the order in which they
are sent and there is no duplication of data.
• The main responsibility of the transport layer is to
transfer the data completely.
• It receives the data from the upper layer and converts
them into smaller units known as segments.
• This layer can be termed as an end-to-end layer as it
provides a point-to-point connection between source
and destination to deliver the data reliably.

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 The two protocols used in this layer
are:
• Transmission Control Protocol
• It is a standard protocol that allows the systems to communicate
over the internet.
• It establishes and maintains a connection between hosts.
• When data is sent over the TCP connection, then the TCP protocol
divides the data into smaller units known as segments. Each
segment travels over the internet using multiple routes, and they
arrive in different orders at the destination. The transmission
control protocol reorders the packets in the correct order at the
receiving end.
• User Datagram Protocol
• User Datagram Protocol is a transport layer protocol.
• It is an unreliable transport protocol as in this case receiver does
not send any acknowledgment when the packet is received, the
sender does not wait for any acknowledgment. Therefore, this
makes a protocol unreliable.

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 Functions of Transport Layer:

• Segmentation and reassembly: When the transport layer receives the

message from the upper layer, it divides the message into multiple segments,
and each segment is assigned with a sequence number that uniquely identifies
each segment. When the message has arrived at the destination, then the
transport layer reassembles the message based on their sequence numbers.

• Connection control: Transport layer provides two services Connection-

oriented service and connectionless service. A connectionless service treats
each segment as an individual packet, and they all travel in different routes to
reach the destination. A connection-oriented service makes a connection with
the transport layer at the destination machine before delivering the packets. In
connection-oriented service, all the packets travel in the single route.

• Flow control: The transport layer also responsible for flow control but it is
performed end-to-end rather than across a single link.
• Error control: The transport layer is also responsible for Error control. Error
control is performed end-to-end rather than across the single link. The sender
transport layer ensures that message reach at the destination without any
error.
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 Session Layer

• It is a layer 3 in the OSI model.

• The Session layer is used to establish, maintain and
synchronizes the interaction between communicating
devices.
 The Session Layer is the 5th layer in the Open System
Interconnection (OSI) model. This layer allows users on
different machines to establish active
communications sessions between them. It is
responsible for establishing, maintaining, synchronizing,
terminating sessions between end-user applications.

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 Functions of Session layer:
• Dialog control: Session layer acts as a dialog controller
that creates a dialog between two processes or we can say
that it allows the communication between two processes
which can be either half-duplex or full-duplex.

• Synchronization: Session layer adds some checkpoints

when transmitting the data in a sequence. If some error
occurs in the middle of the transmission of data, then the
transmission will take place again from the checkpoint. This
process is known as Synchronization and recovery.

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 Presentation Layer

• A Presentation layer is mainly concerned with the

syntax and semantics of the information
exchanged between the two systems.
• It acts as a data translator for a network.
• This layer is a part of the operating system that
converts the data from one presentation format
to another format.
• The Presentation layer is also known as the
syntax layer.

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 Functions of Application layer:

• File transfer, access, and management

(FTAM): An application layer allows a user to
access the files in a remote computer, to retrieve
the files from a computer and to manage the files
in a remote computer.
• Mail services: An application layer provides the
facility for email forwarding and storage.
• Directory services: An application provides the
distributed database sources and is used to
provide that global information about various
objects.

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