MEEN-3137

Precision Engineering
and Metrology
Engr Syed Saad Farooq
[email protected]
[email protected]
0321-6842766
Office hours from 10:00am to 8:00pm
 Assessment Scheme
Assessment Items Percentage

Quizzes(5) 10%

Project 10%

Midterm Exam 30%

Final Exam 50%

 Helping Material
Text book:

• Lecture notes
• Measurement and instrumentation principles by “Alan S Moris” 3rd edition or higher.

Reference books:

• Measurement and instrumentation (Theory and Applications) by Alan S Moris & Reza langari
• Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements by “David Bell”
• Measurement Systems Applications and Design, by E. Doeblin, McGraw Hill
• Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements, by R. Figliola, And D. Beasley, John Wiley.
 Course Contents
• Ch-1 Introduction to Measurement
• Ch-2 Instrumentation types and performance characteristics
• Ch-3 Errors during the measurement process
• Ch-4 Calibration of measuring sensors and instruments
• Ch-5 Electrical instruments
• Ch-6 Sensing technologies
• Ch-7 Temperature Measurement
• Ch-8 Pressure measurement
• Ch-9 Level measurement
• Ch-10 Mass, force and torque measurement
• Ch-11 Translational motion transducers
• Ch-12 Rotational motion transducers
• Ch-13 Other devices
 OBE Requisite

• Be able to apply the knowledge of Measurement fundamentals and metrology to understand the
basic principle of sensors and devices. (PLO-1)

• Find and analyze error and uncertainty of a measurement system using necessary statistical
principles. (PLO-2)

• Select and design a better measurement system by considering its constraints, sensors and
feedback systems (PLO-3)
 Measurement Basics
Length: is the distance of something measured

Volume/Capacity: how much something can hold ( generally liquid)

Weight: how much something weighs

Mass: how much space something takes up

 Introduction to Measurement

A scientific measurement requires:

• The definition of the physical quantity
• The units.
The value of a physical quantity is actually the product of a number and a unit .
The precision of the measurement result is determined by procedures used to measure them.
 Elements of a Measuring System
A measuring system exists to provide information about the physical value of some variable being
measured.
e.g
• Thermometer is a basic measuring type
• Strain gauge
• Electronic amplifier
 Sensor and Transducers
• The Sensor is a device, that senses a physical quantity .The output needs to be operated,
interfaced & regulated by the system designer.
• The transducer is a device that is connected to sensor to convert the measured quantity into a
standard electrical signal such as 0-10V DC, -10 to +10V DC, 4 to 20mA, 0 to 20mA, 0-25mA etc.
The o/p of the transducer can be directly used by the system designer.
• An actuator converts an electrical signal to a physical output.
Audio Systems
Physical Changes
Common Sensors
 Selection of Measuring Instruments
• The starting point in choosing the most suitable instrument to use for measurement of a
particular quantity in a manufacturing plant or other system is the specification of the instrument
characteristics required, especially parameters
• Desired measurement
• Accuracy
• Resolution
• Sensitivity
• Dynamic performance
• Environment conditions
• Must be Insensitive to operating environment (hard to meet)
The extent of disturbance in the measurement system is obvious like pressure loss in flow
measurement.
Strictly Follow

Level of Performance

Depends
on

Resolution and Accuracy

 Selection
Better the characteristics, The higher the cost

Durability Maintainability Performance Consistency

Top priority
longer periods without Performance degradation
Less priority
Higher initial cost
Check That (5/3/2020)

Summarize All Studied Concepts

Relevant Discussion & Applications
Recall Mathematical Expressions
 Active & Passive

Null type and deflection type

Instruments Analogue & digital

Indicating instruments and instruments

with a signal output

Smart and non-smart instruments

 Active and Passive Instruments
• Active
Output is being measured by simply modulation the magnitude of some external power source.
• Passive
Output is entirely produced by the quantity being measured
Null type and Deflection type
• Null type is Pressure gauge also known as deadweight
gauge
• Here, weights are put on top of the piston until the
downward force balances the fluid pressure.
• Weights are added until the piston reaches a datum
level, known as the null point. Pressure measurement
is made in terms of the value of the weights needed
to reach this null position.
• Deflection type is already expressed above i.e the
pressure gauge operated through pointer
 Comparison

• Calibration of null type is easier than • Weights for null type

how
deflection type, therefore it is considered • Spring linearity for deflection type
more accurate than other.

• Although it is convenient to use deflection

type. Scale shows measurement all.
 Analogue and Digital
Instruments

• An analogue instrument gives an output that • A digital instrument has an output that varies
varies continuously as the quantity being in discrete steps and so can only have a finite
measured changes. The output can have an number of values.
infinite number of values within the range
that the instrument is designed to measure.
e.g Deflection type pressure gauge
 Indicating instruments and instruments with
signal
output

• It gives an audio or visual indication of the • Usually, the measurement signal involved is
magnitude of the physical quantity measured an electrical voltage, but it can take other
and those that give an output in the form of a forms in some systems such as an electrical
measurement signal whose magnitude is current, an optical signal or a pneumatic
proportional to the measured quantity. signal.
 Smart and Non Smart Instruments

• It includes the processing with microprocessors and microcontrollers.

• They are considered to be automated or semi automated

• Produces feedback and considered as smart working devices.

Vibrational System Response
 Characteristics of Measurement
Devices
Static
Concerned only with steady state reading that the instrument settles down to, such as accuracy of
the reading.

Dynamic
Describe then the transient behavior between the time a measured quantity changes value and the
time when the instrument output attains a steady value in response.
Static Characteristics of Instruments

Reaction with ambient

Accuracy Precision temperatures

Tolerance Range or span Sensitivity /Disturbances

Resolution Dead Space Hysteresis effect

 Accuracy

The accuracy of an instrument is a measure of how close the output reading of the instrument is to
the correct value.
e.g. a pressure gauge of range 0–10 bar has a quoted inaccuracy of +-1.0% (+-1% of full-scale
reading), then the maximum error to be expected in any reading is 0.1 bar
• It is an important for system design rule that instruments are chosen such that their range is
appropriate to the spread of values being measured, in order that the best possible accuracy is
maintained in instrument readings
• The term measurement uncertainty is frequently used in place of inaccuracy.
 Precision/Repeatability/
Reproducibility
• Precision is a term that describes an instrument’s degree of freedom from random errors.
• If a large number of readings are taken of the same quantity by a high precision instrument, then
the spread of readings will be very small.
• High precision does not imply anything about measurement accuracy. A high precision instrument
may have a low accuracy.
• Repeatability describes the closeness of output readings when the same input is applied
repetitively over a short period of time, with the same measurement conditions, same instrument
and observer, same location and same conditions of use maintained throughout.
• Reproducibility describes the closeness of output readings for the same input when there
are changes in the method of measurement, observer, measuring instrument, location,
conditions of use and time of measurement.
 Tolerance, Range ,Linearity,
Sensitivity, Threshold
• Tolerance describes the maximum deviation of a manufactured component from some specified
value.
• The range or span of an instrument defines the minimum and maximum values of a quantity that
the instrument is designed to measure.
• Linearity is such that the output reading of an instrument is linearly proportional to the quantity
being measured.
• The sensitivity of measurement is a measure of the change in instrument output that occurs
when the quantity being measured changes by a given amount.
• If the input to an instrument is gradually increased from zero, the input will have to reach a
certain minimum level before the change in the instrument output reading is of a large enough
magnitude to be detectable. This minimum level of input is known as the threshold of the
instrument.
Check That (11/3/2020)

Summarize All Studied Concepts

Relevant Discussion & Applications
Recall Mathematical Expressions
Find and assemble the Arduino based Project/System .Source (you tube)
or google. Try to find that project which should have a option to
enhance its features more and more

Assessment
4 persons in a group, All have to answer. (Mandatory)

Task no 1 Detection
Task no 2 Visualization of data
Task no 3 Any Alarm/ Notification
Task no 4 Actuation
 Task no 1
(Detection)
Time required = 15 days

Objective
The system must detect the physical change (According to the selected project)
Details:
A signal or any indication (LED) must be generated by a sensor if something is placed or enter in its
area of detection.
 Proposals
• Obstacle Avoiding Robot • SCADA control for Remote Industrial Plant
• Theft Monitoring System
• Robotic ARM • Unmanned aerial vehicle
• Arduino Solar Tracker
• Traffic Light Control System
• Smart Irrigation System
• Vehicle Speed Control and Smoke Detecting System
• Robotic Fish Swims
• Electronic Fuel Mixing System
• Home Automation System
• 3D scanner
• PCB Manufacturing
• Bench Top CNC machine (Drilling and Milling)
• Intelligent Fire Sprinkler System
(Prototype)
• Autonomous Car Parking
• Sensor based Wind Mill
• Pick and Place Robot
Automate Any other Project/Apparatus already
• Temperature control for free and forced convection designed in KFUEIT Labs
module.
• Sensory based pressure calculation in heat
• Temp, Pressure, Humidity control for bench scale exchanger tubes
cooling tower