Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida

( An autonomous Institute)
Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering

Internet of things lab with mini project

Subject Code: AEC0459

“SMART TRAFFIC LIGHT FOR REAL-TIME CONGESTION

DETECTION”

Sem: III Year: 2nd

Submitted By:
Submitted To:
Name Roll Number
Submitted By:
Aditi 2301330310009
Ms. Khushboo
Diya Purohit 2301330310051
Rijul Tomar 2301330310104
Ms. Swarnima
 INTRODUCTION :
 I have developed an innovative traffic light system that enhances traditional
traffic management by incorporating a blue LED bulb to indicate traffic
conditions on a particular road. This project aims to provide a clear and
immediate visual signal about traffic congestion, aiding in smoother traffic flow
and reducing congestion.
 The traffic light operates in the standard sequence of red, yellow, and green
lights, controlled step-by-step using a circuit built with 547 transistors. This
ensures the traffic lights function reliably and in the correct order.
 To detect traffic, the system employs three IR sensor modules strategically
placed along the road. Each IR sensor is connected to a relay module. When all
three IR sensors detect an object, indicating that the road is congested, they
activate their respective relay modules. This simultaneous activation triggers the
blue LED bulb to glow, alerting drivers to the traffic ahead. If any one of the
relay modules is off, it means there is space on the road and the traffic is lighter,
so the blue LED will not glow.
Hardware Specifications :- Main Components
Working Name
SN Component

1 Capacitor 25v/1000uf

2 LED Bulb

3 Resistor

4 9v Battery

5 IR sensor

6 PCB

7 Single channel Relay Module

8 Jumper wire

9 10 Core wire
 Capacitor
25v/1000uf: 1000uF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor is a high quality
electrolytic capacitor which offers long life and high
reliability.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

 Traffic management systems have evolved significantly over

the years, with numerous studies and projects aimed at
improving traffic flow, reducing congestion, and enhancing
road safety. This literature review explores the advancements
in traffic light systems, sensor technology, and the integration
of real-time traffic detection to provide context for the
development of the current project.
1. Traditional Traffic Light Systems: Traditional traffic light systems operate on fixed timers,
changing lights at predetermined intervals regardless of actual traffic conditions. These
systems, while effective in maintaining basic traffic flow, often result in inefficiencies such
as unnecessary waiting times and congestion during peak hours. Studies have shown that
fixed-timer traffic lights can lead to increased fuel consumption and pollution due to idling
vehicles (Smith, 2005).
2. Adaptive Traffic Control Systems (ATCS): To address the limitations of fixed-timer
systems, Adaptive Traffic Control Systems (ATCS) have been developed. ATCS uses real-
time data from sensors to adjust the timing of traffic lights based on current
3. traffic conditions. Research by Stevanovic et al. (2013) demonstrates that ATCS can
significantly reduce delays and improve traffic flow. These systems often use a combination
of cameras, inductive loop sensors, and infrared sensors to monitor traffic.
4. Infrared Sensor Technology: Infrared (IR) sensors are widely used in traffic detection due
to their reliability and cost-effectiveness. IR sensors can detect the presence of vehicles by
measuring the heat emitted or by detecting interruptions in an infrared beam. Studies such as
those by Kim et al. (2008) have highlighted the effectiveness of IR sensors in accurately
detecting vehicles and providing data for traffic management systems.
1. Relay Modules in Traffic Systems: Relay modules are essential components in controlling
the activation and deactivation of electrical circuits based on sensor inputs. In traffic
management applications, relay modules can be used to control traffic lights and other
indicators based on real-time data from sensors. The work of Patel et al. (2017) emphasizes
the importance of reliable relay modules in ensuring the accurate operation of traffic control
systems.
2. Enhanced Traffic Light Systems with Additional Indicators: Recent advancements in
traffic light systems include the addition of extra indicators to provide more information to
drivers. For instance, projects incorporating pedestrian countdown timers and left-turn
indicators have shown improvements in traffic safety and efficiency (Zhang & Shen, 2011).
The addition of a blue LED to indicate traffic congestion is a novel approach that builds on
this concept, aiming to offer drivers real-time information about traffic conditions ahead.
 Project Relevance and Contribution: The current project aims to enhance traditional traffic
light systems by integrating an additional blue LED bulb that indicates the presence of traffic
congestion. This system leverages three IR sensors to detect vehicles and relay modules to
control the blue LED bulb. By providing real-time traffic information, the project seeks to
improve traffic flow, reduce congestion, and offer a more efficient and responsive traffic
management solution. This approach aligns with the findings of previous studies on the
benefits of adaptive traffic control and the effectiveness of sensor technology in traffic
detection.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 1ST
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 2nd
 ADVATAGE OF THE SYSTEM:

 Advantages:
1. Real-Time Traffic Monitoring:
o Details: The system uses three IR sensors to continuously monitor traffic
conditions in real-time. This allows for immediate detection of congestion,
providing timely information to drivers.
o Benefit: Reduces waiting times and allows drivers to make informed decisions
about route changes, leading to smoother traffic flow.


1. Enhanced Traffic Management:

o Details: The inclusion of a blue LED bulb that indicates traffic congestion
offers an additional layer of information compared to traditional red, yellow,
and green lights.
o Benefit: Helps prevent bottlenecks and manage traffic more efficiently by
alerting drivers to potential delays ahead.
1. Improved Fuel Efficiency and Reduced Emissions:
o Details: By reducing unnecessary stops and idling, the system helps vehicles maintain
a steadier flow.
o Benefit: Leads to lower fuel consumption and reduced vehicle emissions, contributing
to environmental sustainability.
o
2. Scalability:
o Details: The system can be scaled to include more sensors and indicators as needed,
depending on the complexity of the traffic situation.
o Benefit: Allows for customization and expansion in different urban and rural settings.
o
3. Increased Safety:
o Details: By providing clear and immediate indications of traffic congestion, the
system can help reduce accidents caused by sudden stops or unexpected delays.
o Benefit: Enhances road safety for both drivers and pedestrians.
o
 CONCLUSION
 The integration of a blue LED bulb in the traditional traffic light
system to indicate real-time traffic congestion is a significant
innovation in urban traffic management. By utilizing three IR sensors
and relay modules, this system provides immediate feedback on
traffic conditions, allowing drivers to make informed decisions and
potentially alleviating traffic bottlenecks. The step-by-step control of
red, yellow, and green lights using 547 transistors ensures reliable
and accurate light transitions. This project not only enhances traffic
flow but also contributes to reduced fuel consumption and emissions,
promoting environmental sustainability.
 The system's cost-effectiveness, scalability, and ability to improve
safety are key advantages that make it a promising solution for
modern traffic management. However, challenges such as sensor
accuracy, installation complexity, and maintenance requirements
need to be addressed to ensure its widespread adoption and reliability.
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

 · Integration with Smart City Infrastructure:

 Details: Future developments could involve integrating the system with smart city
infrastructure, allowing it to communicate with other traffic management systems and IoT
devices.
 Benefit: Enhances overall traffic coordination and enables more comprehensive data
collection and analysis.
 · Enhanced Sensor Technology:
 Details: Upgrading to more advanced sensor technologies, such as LiDAR or radar, can
improve detection accuracy and reliability in various environmental conditions.
 Benefit: Reduces false readings and improves system performance, especially in adverse
weather.
 · Real-Time Data Analytics and Machine Learning:
 Details: Implementing real-time data analytics and machine learning algorithms can optimize traffic light timings and
predict traffic patterns.
 Benefit: Enhances the system's ability to adapt to changing traffic conditions dynamically, further reducing congestion.
 · Wireless Communication and Remote Monitoring:
 Details: Incorporating wireless communication technologies such as 5G can enable remote monitoring and control of the
traffic light system.
 Benefit: Allows for real-time adjustments and maintenance alerts, improving system responsiveness and reducing
downtime.
 · User Interface and Mobile App Integration:
 Details: Developing a user interface or mobile app that provides drivers with real-time traffic updates and route
recommendations based on the traffic light system's data.
 Benefit: Offers drivers additional tools to navigate traffic more efficiently and reduces congestion through informed
decision-making.
 · Expansion to Pedestrian and Bicycle Traffic Management:
 Details: Extending the system to manage pedestrian and bicycle traffic by adding dedicated sensors and indicators.
 Benefit: Improves safety and traffic flow for all road users, promoting multimodal transportation solutions.
 · Energy Efficiency Improvements:
 Details: Incorporating energy-efficient components and exploring renewable energy sources, such as solar panels, to
power the traffic light system.
 Benefit: Reduces operational costs and further enhances the environmental sustainability of the system.