Chapter 3

3.11 Earth’s population is about 7.0 billion. Suppose that every person on Earth participates in a
process of counting identical particles at the rate of two particles per second. How many years would
it take to count 6.0 x 1023 particles? Assume that there are 365 days in a year.
• 3.11 Earth’s population is about 7.0 billion. Suppose that every person on
Earth participates in a process of counting identical particles at the rate of
two particles per second. How many years would it take to count 6.0 x
1023 particles? Assume that there are 365 days in a year.
3.19 What is the mass in grams of 1.00 x 1012 lead (Pb)atoms? NA =
6.022x1023
 • 3.19 What is the mass in grams of 1.00 x 10 12 lead (Pb)atoms? NA =
6.022x1023

1 mol Pb 207.2 g Pb
1.00 1012
Pb atoms    3.44 10 10 g Pb
6.022 1023 Pb atoms 1 mol Pb
3.23 Calculate the molecular mass or formula mass (in amu) of each of the following
substances: (a) CH4, (b) NO2, (c) SO3, (d) C6H6, (e) NaI, (f) K2SO4, (g) Ca3(PO4)2.
 • 3.23 Calculate the molecular mass or formula mass (in amu) of each of
the following substances: (a) CH4, (b) NO2, (c) SO3, (d) C6H6, (e) NaI,
(f) K2SO4, (g) Ca3(PO4)2.

Using the appropriate atomic masses,

(a) CH4 12.01 amu  4(1.008 amu) 16.04 amu
(b) NO2 14.01 amu  2(16.00 amu) 46.01 amu
(c) SO3 32.07 amu  3(16.00 amu) 80.07 amu
(d) C6H6 6(12.01 amu)  6(1.008 amu) 78.11 amu
(e) NaI 22.99 amu  126.9 amu 149.9 amu
(f) K2SO4 2(39.10 amu)  32.07 amu  4(16.00 amu) 174.27 amu
(g) Ca3(PO4)2 3(40.08 amu)  2(30.97 amu)  8(16.00 amu) 310.2 amu
3.25 Calculate the molar mass of a compound if 0.372 mole of it has a
mass of 152 g.
 • 3.25 Calculate the molar mass of a compound if 0.372 mole
of it has a mass of 152 g.

To find the molar mass (g/mol), we simply divide the mass (in g) by the number of moles.
152 g
 409 g/mol
0.372 mol
3.30 The density of water is 1.00 g/mL at 4oC. How many water
molecules are present in 2.56 mL of water at this temperature?
 • 3.30 The density of water is 1.00 g/mL at 4 oC. How many
water molecules are present in 2.56 mL of water at this
temperature?

1.00 g
Mass of water = 2.56 mL  = 2.56 g
1.00 mL

Molar mass of H2O (16.00 g)  2(1.008 g) 18.02 g/mol

1 mol H 2 O 6.022 10 23 molecules H 2O

? H 2O molecules = 2.56 g H 2 O  
18.02 g H 2 O 1 mol H 2O
8.56 1022 molecules
3.39 Tin (Sn) exists in Earth’s crust as SnO2. Calculate the percent composition by
mass of Sn and O in SnO2.
 • 3.39 Tin (Sn) exists in Earth’s crust as SnO2. Calculate the percent
composition by mass of Sn and O in SnO2.

Molar mass of SnO2(118.7 g)  2(16.00 g) 150.7 g

118.7 g/mol
%Sn  100%  78.77%
150.7 g/mol

(2)(16.00 g/mol)
%O  100%  21.23%
150.7 g/mol
• 3.43 Allicin is the compound responsible for the characteristic smell of
garlic. An analysis of the compound gives the following percent
composition by mass: C: 44.4 percent; H: 6.21 percent; S: 39.5
percent; O: 9.86 percent. Calculate its empirical formula. What is its
molecular formula given that its molar mass is about 162 g?
Assume you have exactly 100 g of substance.
1 mol C
nC  44.4 g C   3.70 mol C
12.01 g C
1 mol H
nH  6.21 g H   6.16 mol H
1.008 g H
1 mol S
nS  39.5 g S   1.23 mol S
32.07 g S
1 mol O
nO  9.86 g O   0.616 mol O
16.00 g O

Thus, we arrive at the formula C3.70H6.16S1.23O0.616. Dividing by the smallest number of moles (0.616 mol)
gives the empirical formula, C6H10S2O.

To determine the molecular formula, divide the molar mass by the empirical mass.
molar mass 162 g
 1
empirical molar mass 162.3 g

Hence, the molecular formula and the empirical formula are the same, C6H10S2O.
3.47 Calculate the mass in grams of iodine (I2) that will react completely with
20.4 g of aluminum (Al) to form aluminum iodide (AlI3).
 • 3.47 Calculate the mass in grams of iodine (I 2) that will react
completely with 20.4 g of aluminum (Al) to form aluminum
iodide (AlI3).

The balanced equation is: 2Al(s)  3I2(s)   2AlI3(s)

Using unit factors, we convert: g of Al  mol of Al  mol of I2 g of I2
1 mol Al 3 mol I 2 253.8 g I 2
20.4 g Al     288 g I 2
26.98 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol I 2
3.53 The molar mass of caffeine is 194.19 g. Is the molecular formula of
caffeine C4H5N2O or C8H10N4O2?
 • 3.53 The molar mass of caffeine is 194.19 g. Is the molecular
formula of caffeine C4H5N2O or C8H10N4O2?

Find the molar mass corresponding to each formula.

For C4H5N2O: 4(12.01 g)  5(1.008 g)  2(14.01 g)  (16.00 g) 97.10 g

For C8H10N4O2: 8(12.01 g)  10(1.008 g)  4(14.01 g)  2(16.00 g) 194.20 g
The molecular formula is C8H10N4O2.
3.59 Balance the following equations using the method outlined in
Section 3.7:
 • 3.59 Balance the following equations using the method outlined in
Section 3.7:

The balanced equations are as follows:

(a) 2C  O2 2CO (f) 2O3 3O2
(b) 2CO  O2 2CO2 (g) 2H2O2 2H2O  O2
(c) H2 Br2 2HBr (h) N2 3H2 2NH3
(d) 2K  2H2O  2KOH  H2 (i) Zn  2AgCl  ZnCl2 2Ag
(e) 2Mg  O2 2MgO (j) S8 8O2 8SO2
(k) 2NaOH  H2SO4 Na2SO4 2H2O (m) 3KOH  H3PO4 K3PO4 3H2O
(l) Cl2 2NaI  2NaCl  I2 (n) CH4 4Br2 CBr4 4HBr
3.65 Consider the combustion of carbon monoxide (CO) in
oxygen gas 2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g)
Starting with 3.60 moles of CO, calculate the number of moles
of CO2 produced if there is enough oxygen gas to react with
all of the CO.
 • 3.65 Consider the combustion of carbon monoxide (CO) in oxygen gas
2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g)
Starting with 3.60 moles of CO, calculate the number of moles of CO2
produced if there is enough oxygen gas to react with all of the CO.

The mole ratio from the balanced equation is 2 mole CO2: 2 mole CO.
2 mol CO 2
3.60 mol CO   3.60 mol CO 2
2 mol CO
3.71 If chlorine bleach is mixed with other cleaning products
containing ammonia, the toxic gas NCl 3 (g) can form according
to the equation;

3NaClO(aq) + NH3 (aq) 3NaOH(aq) + NCl3(g)

When 2.94 g of NH3 reacts with an excess of NaClO

according to the preceding reaction, how many grams of
NCl3 are formed?
The balanced equation shows a mole ratio of 1 mole NH3 1 mole NCl3.
1 mol NH3 1 mol NCl3 120.4 g NCl3
2.94 g NH3     20.8 g NCl 3
17.03 g NH3 1 mol NH 3 1 mol NCl3
3.75 Limestone (CaCO3) is decomposed by heating to quicklime (CaO) and carbon dioxide.
Calculate how many grams of quicklime can be produced from 1.0 kg of limestone.
 • 3.75 Limestone (CaCO3) is decomposed by heating to quicklime (CaO)
and carbon dioxide. Calculate how many grams of quicklime can be
produced from 1.0 kg of limestone.

The balanced equation is: CaCO3(s)   CaO(s)  CO2(g)

1000 g 1 mol CaCO3 1 mol CaO 56.08 g CaO
1.0 kg CaCO3      5.6 102 g CaO
1 kg 100.09 g CaCO3 1 mol CaCO 3 1 mol CaO
• 3.77 The fertilizer ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] is prepared by the
reaction between ammonia (NH3) and sulfuric acid.
(a)Write an balanced equation for the rxn

(b) Determine the starting mass (in g) of each reactant if 20.3 g of

ammonium sulfate is produced and 5.89 g of sulfuric acid remains
unreacted.
(a) 2NH3(g) + H2SO4(aq) → (NH4)2SO4(aq)

(b) Sulfuric acid is in excess. First, let us calculate the moles of ammonia reacted to produce 20.3 g of
ammonium sulfate.
1 mol (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 2 mol NH3
20.3 g (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4    0.307 mol NH 3 reacted
132.15 g (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 1 mol (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4

The number of moles of sulfuric acid reacted will be half the moles of ammonia reacted (see mole ratio
from the balance equation).

The starting mass of NH3 is:

17.03 g NH3
0.307 mol NH3   5.23 g NH 3
1 mol NH3

The starting mass of H2SO4 is the amount reacted plus the amount unreacted:
98.09 g H 2SO 4
0.154 mol H 2SO 4   15.1 g H 2SO 4 reacted
1 mol H 2SO 4

15.1 g H2SO4reacted + 5.89 g H2SO4 unreacted = 21.0 g H2SO4

• 3.83 Nitric oxide (NO) reacts with oxygen gas to form nitrogen dioxide
(NO2), a dark-brown gas:
2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)
In one experiment 0.886 mole of NO is mixed with 0.503 mole of O2.
Calculate which of the two reactants is the limiting reagent. Calculate
also the number of moles of NO2 produced.
This is a limiting reagent problem. Let us calculate the moles of NO2 produced assuming complete reaction for each
reactant.
2NO(g)  O2(g)  2NO2(g)

2 mol NO 2
0.886 mol NO   0.886 mol NO 2
2 mol NO

2 mol NO 2
0.503 mol O 2   1.01 mol NO2
1 mol O 2
NO is the limiting reagent; it limits the amount of product produced. The amount of product produced is
0.886 mole NO2.
3.85 Propane (C3H8) is a component of natural gas and is used
in domestic cooking and heating. (a) Balance the following
equation representing the combustion of propane in air:
C3H8 + O2 CO2 + H2O
(b) How many grams of carbon dioxide can be produced by
burning 3.65 moles of propane? Assume that oxygen is the
excess reagent in this reaction.
 • 3.85 Propane (C3H8) is a component of natural gas and is used in domestic cooking and
heating. (a) Balance the following equation representing the combustion of propane in
air:
C3H8 + O2 CO2 + H2O
(b) How many grams of carbon dioxide can be produced by burning 3.65 moles of
propane? Assume that oxygen is the excess reagent in this reaction.

(a) The balanced equation is: C3H8(g)  5O2(g)   3CO2(g)  4H2O(l)

(b) The balanced equation shows a mole ratio of 3 mole CO2:1 mole C3H8. The mass of CO2 produced is:
3 mol CO 2 44.01 g CO 2
3.65 mol C3H8    482 g CO 2
1 mol C3H8 1 mol CO 2
• 3.89 Hydrogen fluoride is used in the manufacture of Freons (which
destroy ozone in the stratosphere) and in the production of aluminum
metal. It is prepared by the reaction
CaF2 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2HF
In one process 6.00 kg of CaF2 are treated with an excess of H2SO4 and
yield 2.86 kg of HF. Calculate the percent yield of HF.
The balanced equation is given: CaF2 H2SO4   CaSO4 2HF

The balanced equation shows a mole ratio of 2 mole HF:1 mole CaF2. The theoretical yield of HF is:

3 1 mol CaF2 2 mol HF 20.01 g HF 1 kg

(6.00  10 g CaF2 )      3.08 kg HF
78.08 g CaF2 1 mol CaF2 1 mol HF 1000 g

The actual yield is given in the problem (2.86 kg HF).

actual yield
% yield  100%
theoretical yield

2.86 kg
% yield  100%  92.9%
3.08 kg
• 3.91 Titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2) is a white substance produced by the
action of sulfuric acid on the mineral ilmenite (FeTiO3):
FeTiO3 + H2SO4 TiO2 + FeSO4 + H2O
• Its opaque and nontoxic properties make it suitable as a pigment in
plastics and paints. In one process 8.00 x 103 kg of FeTiO3 yielded 3.67
x 103 kg of TiO2. What is the percent yield of the reaction?
The balanced equation shows a mole ratio of 1 mole TiO 2:1 mole FeTiO3. The molar mass of FeTiO3 is 151.73 g/mol,
and the molar mass of TiO2 is 79.88 g/mol. The theoretical yield of TiO2 is:
1 mol FeTiO3 1 mol TiO 2 79.88 g TiO 2 1 kg
8.00 106 g FeTiO3    
151.73 g FeTiO3 1 mol FeTiO3 1 mol TiO 2 1000 g
4.21 103kg TiO2

The actual yield is given in the problem (3.67 103 kg TiO2).

actual yield 3.67 103 kg

% yield  100%  100%  87.2%
theoretical yield 3
4.21 10 kg
3.93 The average atomic mass of 31Ga69 (68.9256 amu) and 31Ga71 (70.9247
amu) is 69.72 amu. Calculate the natural abundances of the gallium isotopes.
 • 3.93 The average atomic mass of 31Ga69 (68.9256 amu) and 31Ga71
(70.9247 amu) is 69.72 amu. Calculate the natural abundances of the
gallium isotopes.

Start by letting x be the fractional abundance of 69Ga. Since the sum of the two abundances must be 1, we can write:
Abundance 71Ga (1  x)

Average atomic mass of Ga  69.72 amu x(68.9256 amu)  (1  x)(70.9247 amu)

69.72  1.9991x 70.9247
x0.603
x0.603 corresponds to a natural abundance of 69Ga of 60.3%. The natural abundance of 71Ga is (1  x) 
0.397 or 39.7%.
3.115 A mixture of CuSO4.5H2O and MgSO4.7H2O is heated
until all the water is lost. If 5.020 g of th emixture gives 2.988g
of the anhydrous salts, what is the percent by mass of CuSO4.
5H2O in the mixture?