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Cellular Concept

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Pratham Jamwal
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21 views15 pages

Cellular Concept

Uploaded by

Pratham Jamwal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cellular Concept :

Frequency Reuse

By: Pratham Jamwal


219301132
Cellular Concept

The cellular concept is a system level idea which calls for converting high
power single transmitters into multiple low power transmitters.
Achieved by converting a large geographical area into multiple small
areas called cells.

Each cell is provided with a group of RF channels that are different from
the neighbouring cells to avoid interference between them.
This helps in reuse of frequency , increasing the capacity and handle
more users within the same area.
Single Tower Multiple
Towers
Cellular Handoff Concept
In cellular communication , handoff refers to transferring an active call or data
session from one cell in a cellular network to another cell without disrupting the
call , this ensures uninterrupted communication and seamless connectivity .

Types of Handoffs

Hard Handoff: “break-before-make” Connection is temporarily lost before being


re-established with the new cell area.

Soft Handoff: ”make-before-break” connection is maintained with multiple cell


areas simultaneously allowing smoother transition between cells.
Hard Handoff

Soft Handoff
Cell Shape
Ideally any shape is possible for a cell depending upon the geographical area
and number of users, but we consider specific cell models of optimum shapes to
do mathematical computation and analysis.
Cell shape

• If we take circle as a cell shape it will have overlapping areas that will cause interference in those regions,
even if consider in a different arrangement there will be gaps with no coverage.

• For equilateral triangle if we consider omni-directional triangle there will interference as it covers a circular
area, even for directional antenas there will issue since distance is diffrent from the center point to the
edges, which will cause blank zones.

• For square shape we have the same issue of difference in length towards different directions.
• In the case of hexagon there is almost equal distance in all directions and also hexagon closely
resembles a circle so it is even useful in the case of omni-directional antennas.
• Another reason for the choice of hexagon is if we consider multiple hexagon cells
we get equal distance in all directions from the center which helps us in creating a
theoretical model.

Hexagon
Frequency Reuse

By limiting the coverage area of RF channels to within a cell , the same group of
RF channels can be used in different cells that are separated by large enough
distance to avoid interference or keep it at a minimal level.

The designing , selecting and allocating of cellular frequencies for all the cells
within a system is known as frequency reuse.

Here we have 7-cell cluster with each cell in a cluster having different
frequency, now the neighbouring cluster also has the same set of frequencies
in such a way that the distance is large enough to not cause interference.

The cells with the same set of frequency channels are referred to as co-cells.
The Distance between the co-cells is called reuse distance D.
Reuse Distance
Reuse Distance

In the formula we can have values of integers I, j as


(0,0), (0,1),(1,1),(1,2) and so on.. Which will give us the value of N for
hexagonal cell.
• After we have used the values of I
and J to find the cluster size we can
use the values of I and J to move to
another cell where we can reuse the
frequency of the previous cell

• For this as in our example if we


have value of I as 2 and J as 1 we
move 2 cells(i) in any direction and
from that point we move 1 cell(j) in
a 60 degree anti-clockwise
direction to reach the cell where we
can reuse our frequency. This is
exclusively for hexagonal grid
model.
Frequency Reuse Concept

The total number of radio channels is given by


S = KN
Where, S = Total number of available channels
K = Number of channels per cell
N = Cluster size
Now if the Cluster is repeated M times, then the total number of channels is
given as a measure of capacity
C = MKN
Thank You !!

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