MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES

INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT
 WHAT IS MANAGEMENT?
• Anglais management, de to manage, diriger : Ensemble des techniques de direction,
d'organisation et de gestion

• Management is the coordination and administration of tasks to achieve a goal.

• Management is how businesses organize and direct workflow, operations, and employees
to meet company goals. The primary goal of management is to create an environment
that empowers employees to work efficiently and productively.

• While management is sometimes used synonymously with leadership, there are distinct
differences in meaning. At its core, leadership involves more strategic actions, focusing on
“inspiring and guiding individuals or teams toward a shared vision,”
 HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF
MANAGEMENT
Management, the art of organizing and leading people to achieve
goals, has roots tracing back millennia. While its formalization as an
academic discipline is relatively recent, its principles have guided human
endeavors for ages.

Early Traces: From Ancient Civilizations to the Industrial Revolution

Elements of management can be traced back to the planning and
execution of large-scale projects in ancient civilizations like Egypt
and Mesopotamia. The construction of pyramids and irrigation systems
demanded a coordinated effort, hinting at the early use of managerial
skills.
 Formalization of Management Education: The 20th Century
The formal study of management as a distinct discipline emerged in
the early 20th century. Pioneering thinkers like Frederick Winslow Taylor,
often referred to as the “Father of Scientific Management,” laid the groundwork
for efficiency-focused approaches.

The Human Factor: Moving Beyond Efficiency

While Taylor’s scientific management approach focused on optimizing
processes, other theorists recognized the importance of the human element.

Management Gurus and the Rise of Different Schools

The 20th century saw the emergence of various management schools of
thought. Elton Mayo and the Hawthorne Experiments challenged the
purely scientific approach, demonstrating the impact of social and psychological
factors on worker productivity.
 IMPORTANCE OF MANAGEMENT IN
ORGANIZATIONS
• Enhancing efficiency
• Set and Achieving goals
• Optimum use of resources
• Being adaptable
• Better workplace environment
• Management helps in achieving group goal
• Motivating and leading people
• Optimize resources
• Set clear objectives and expectations
• Staffing
• Creating dynamic organizations
• Enhances employee satisfaction and loyalty
• Providing performance reviews
 LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT
• Top: Top-level management typically has an administrative role, and
their decisions affect the entire organization even though they
sometimes aren’t involved in the day-to-day operations. They may have
the title of chief executive officer (CEO) or serve on the board of directors.

• Middle: You find people with executive roles at the middle

management level. They work with both top-level management and
supervisors to help workers meet objectives and boost the company's
productivity

• Low: The final level of management often has a supervisory role. These
managers have titles like shift supervisor, branch manager, or team
leader.
 KEY FUNCTIONS OF A MANAGER

• Planning: The first function of a manager is to set goals. These goals may be for individual employees,
departments, or the entire organization, depending on the manager's level of responsibility.

• Organizing : Meeting organizational goals requires putting the right people in the right places. Managers can
play an important role in choosing workers for positions and projects. Knowing how to group people and help
them build relationships often significantly affects how well the group works together.

• Motivating: Managers help motivate employees to show up and stay productive. This includes sharing a
common vision, encouraging them to develop their strengths, and inspiring them to do their best work at all
times.

• Evaluating: Managers typically spend time measuring the success of their teams and how well they meet goals.
The more they understand what works and doesn't work, the better prepared they are to make decisions in the
future.
• Helps achieve company’s goals: Managers help to achieve the organization’s goals. Managers set the
vision and strategy of an organization and manage resources and people in order to successfully reach those
goals.

• Optimum utilization of resources: Managers are responsible for the allocation of resources within an
organization. The ability to identify, allocate and manage resources efficiently is key to a successful business.

• Provide guidance and direction to employees: Managers should be able to communicate effectively
with their employees, giving them a sense of direction by providing regular updates on what is expected of
them.

• To maintain an efficient work culture: A good work culture is one where employees are motivated and
feel proud to be part of the organization.

• Cost reduction: Cost reduction is a key responsibility and demonstrates the importance of strategic
management. Managers are responsible for the cost of production, which includes personnel costs and
overhead costs such as office supplies and utilities.

• Organizational growth and development: Managers are responsible for bringing new ideas to the table,
implementing those ideas, and helping the organization grow.
 FUNCTIONS OF MANAGERS

There are four generally accepted functions of management: planning,

organizing, leading and controlling.
1. Planning: In the planning stage, managers establish organizational
goals and create a course of action to achieve them. During the
planning phase, management makes strategic decisions to set a
direction for the organization.
Strategic planning: This type of planning is often carried out by an
organization’s top management and usually creates goals for the entire
organization.
Tactical planning: This type of planning is the shorter-term planning of
an objective that will take a year or less to achieve.
Operational planning: Operational planning involves using tactical
planning to achieve strategic planning and goals.
• 2. Organizing : The purpose of the organizing step of the four
basic functions of management is to allocate resources and assign
tasks to personnel to achieve the goals set during the planning
stage. Managers often must collaborate with other departments,
such as finance and human resources, to manage budgets and staff
effectively.

• 3. Leading: Leading consists of motivating employees and

influencing their behavior to achieve organizational objectives. It
focuses on managing people, such as individual employees, teams
and groups, rather than tasks.
Examples of situational leadership styles include: Directing ,
Coaching, Supporting, Delegating
• 4. Controlling: Controlling is the process of evaluating the execution
of the plan and making adjustments to ensure that the organizational
goal is achieved. During the controlling stage, managers perform
tasks such as training employees as necessary and managing
deadlines.

Managers may need to make adjustments such as:

Budget adjustments: Managers oversee the budget and resources to
ensure they are used efficiently and within financial limits.

Staffing adjustments: Managers may need to make challenging

decisions such as whether to reassign an employee who produces low-
quality work to a different task or dismiss them from a project.
 MANAGEMENT ROLES

Managerial roles are behaviors adopted to perform various

management functions, like leading and planning,
organizing, strategizing, and solving problems. Within an
organization, managers of different levels have different
responsibilities that may overlap.
• 1. Resource allocator
Managers often allocate funds and resources within their office or
department, such as equipment, in the most efficient and cost-effective
way. They may plan the best way to complete projects on time and within a
set budget.

• 2. Leader: A manager may lead their staff by providing employees with a

vision or long-term goal to achieve. Employees look to managers to
provide direction, decide on courses of action, and inspire them to reach
both short-term and long-term goals.

• 3. Spokesperson: A manager can be an advocate of the organization.

Communicating positive messages about the company, managers inform
the public about the organization's overall goals.
• 4. Trainer: A manager may help train new hires and existing
employees. This can involve facilitating on-site training and
development opportunities, or leading training sessions.

• 5. Negotiator: Managers may deal with negotiations within the team

and organization. Negotiating allows them to reach a compromise with
or among parties when there is a dispute or disagreement.

• 6. Representative: A manager may be a representative for the

company in formal situations and meetings.

• 7. Mentor: Managers may coach their staff and help employees

develop skills in order to help them succeed personally and
professionally.
• 8. Liaison: A manager may serve as the connection between
other departments in the organization and externally.

• 9. Entrepreneur: Managers often solve problems and

brainstorm new ideas for the company or their department.

• 10. Mediator: Managers can resolve and control internal or

external disturbances, such as a conflict between two
employees, a customer complaint or losing an important
client.
• 11. Monitor: Managers may monitor the productivity and well-
being of their employees. They can keep track of what is being
done and look for anything interfering with the completion of
tasks.

• 12. Disseminator: A manager may share useful information,

typically from people in executive leadership, with their
employees. They gather data, such as updates on competitors,
and then convey it to the team so they have a better
understanding of what is going on with the organization.

• 13. Policy enforcer: A manager may implement company-wide

policies and keep employees accountable for their actions.
 EXEMPLE Manager tasks:

• Create goals and objectives

• Create schedules
• Develop strategies to increase performance, productivity, and
efficiency
• Ensure compliance with company policies and industry
regulations
• Mentor employees
• Monitor budgets, productivity levels, and performance
• Resolve customer problems
• Train staff
 MANAGEMENT STYLES
• Authoritative: Authoritative leaders tend to make decisions without feedback from
others. This approach works well when you need to respond quickly to a situation
and don't have time for debate.

• Coaching : Some managers view their role as that of a coach who sees the potential
in employees and wants to help them grow. This can effectively build strong teams
and create an environment where employees feel comfortable experimenting.

• Democratic: Democratic managers value the input of employees in the decision-

making process and usually believe having more ideas is better than having a few.
This management style may help empower and motivate employees to work
toward common goals.
 Management styles

Transformational : In a transformational management style, managers

prioritize innovation and growth. These managers encourage employees to
discover just what they're capable of achieving.

• Visionary: A visionary leader knows how to ensure every team member

understands the company's vision and is working toward a common goal.
These leaders tend to be excellent communicators and typically give workers
plenty of autonomy as long as they effectively execute the vision.
IMAGE OF A DIVERSE TEAM COLLABORATING