Computing Education

(Number System)
Transforming Data Into
Information
Chapter 4A

McGraw-Hill Technology Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All

How Computers Represent
Data
• Number systems
– A manner of counting
– Several different number systems exist
• Decimal number system
– Used by humans to count
– Contains ten distinct digits
– Digits combine to make larger numbers
How Computers Represent
Data
• Binary number system
– Used by computers to count
– Two distinct digits, 0 and 1
– 0 and 1 combine to make numbers
How Computers Represent
Data
• Bits and bytes
– Binary numbers are made of bits
– Bit represents a switch
– A byte is 8 bits
– Byte represents one character
How Computers Represent
Data
• Text codes
– Converts letters into binary
– Standard codes necessary for data transfer
– ASCII
• American English symbols
– Extended ASCII
• Graphics and other symbols
– Unicode
• All languages on the planet
 REPRESENTING INFORMATION IN
COMPUTERS
• All different types of information in computers
can be represented by binary code.

– Numbers
– Letters of the alphabet and special characters
– Microprocessor Instruction.
– Graphics/Video
– Sound
 COMMON NUMBER SYSTEMS
System Used by Used in
Base Symbols Humans? Computers?

Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No

Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No
Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No Yes
decimal A, B, … F
Quantities/Counting (1 of 3)
Decimal Binary Octal Hexa-decimal

0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
Quantities/Counting (2 of 3)
Decimal Binary Octal Hexa-decimal

8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
Quantities/Counting (3 of 3)
Decimal Binary Octal Hexa-decimal

16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14
21 10101 25 15
22 10110 26 16
23 10111 27 17 Etc.
 CONVERSION AMONG BASES
• The possibilities:

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Quick Example

2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916

Base
 POSITIONAL NOTATION
• Decimal (base 10) numbers are expressed in
the positional notation.

Most Significant
Least Significant Digit
Digit
• Binary (base 2) numbers are also expressed in
the positional notation.

The right-most is the least significant digit

The left-most is the most significant digit

POSITIONAL NOTATION
Decimal to Decimal (just for fun)

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Weight

12510 => 5 x 100 = 5

2 x 101 = 20
1 x 102 = 100
125

Base
 Binary to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Decimal
• Algorithm
– Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the “weight” of
the bit.
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting from
0 on the right.
– Add the results.
 Example

Bit “0”

1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 =
2
0 x 22 =
0
1 x 23 =
8
0 x 24 =
0
1 x 25 =
32
 Exercises
• Convert the following binary numbers into
equivalent decimal numbers.

a) (11010)₂
b) (1101011)₂
c) (1110101)₂
d) (1010101100)₂
 Octal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Octal to Decimal
• Algorithm
– Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the “weight” of
the bit.
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting from
0 on the right.
– Add the results.
 Example

7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
 Exercises
• Convert the following octal numbers into
equivalent decimal numbers.

a) (56)₈
b) (247)₈
c) (563)₈
d) (4706)₈
Hexadecimal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Algorithm
– Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the “weight”
of the bit.
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting from
0 on the right.
– Add the results.
 Example

ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12

B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810
 Exercises
• Convert the following hexadecimal numbers
into equivalent decimal numbers.

a) (FAB)₁₆
b) (2AC)₁₆
c) (2A3B)₁₆
d) (ABCD)₁₆
 Decimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Binary
• Algorithm
– Divide by two.
– Keep track of the remainder.
– Etc.
 Example

12510 = ?2 2 125
2 62 1
2 31 0
2 15 1
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1

12510 = 11111012
 Exercises
• Convert the following decimal numbers into
equivalent binary numbers.

a) (32)₁₀
b) (435)₁₀
c) (1694)₁₀
d) (1715)₁₀
 Octal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Octal to Binary
• Algorithm
– Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent
binary representation.
 Example
7058 = ?2

7 0 5

111 000 101

7058 = 1110001012
 Exercises
• Convert the following octal numbers into
equivalent binary numbers.

a) (56)₈
b) (247)₈
c) (563)₈
d) (4706)₈
Hexadecimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal to Binary
• Algorithm
– Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit
equivalent binary representation.
 Example
10AF16 = ?2

1 0 A F

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112
 Exercises
• Convert the following hexadecimal numbers
into equivalent binary numbers.

a) (FAB)₁₆
b) (2AC)₁₆
c) (2A3B)₁₆
d) (ABCD)₁₆
 Decimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Octal
• Algorithm
– Divide by 8.
– Keep track of the remainder.
 Example
123410 = ?8

8 1234
8 154 2
8 19 2
8 2 3
0 2

123410 = 23228
 Exercises
• Convert the following decimal numbers into
equivalent octal numbers.

a) (32)₁₀
b) (435)₁₀
c) (1694)₁₀
d) (1715)₁₀
Decimal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Hexadecimal
• Algorithm
– Divide by 16.
– Keep track of the remainder.
 Example
123410 = ?16

16 1234
16 77 2
16 4 13 = D
0 4

123410 = 4D216
 Exercises
• Convert the following decimal numbers into
equivalent hexadecimal numbers.

a) (32)₁₀
b) (435)₁₀
c) (1694)₁₀
d) (1715)₁₀
 Binary to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Octal
• Algorithm
– Group bits in threes, starting on right.
– Convert to octal digits.
 Example
10110101112 = ?8

1 011 010 111

1 3 2 7

10110101112 = 13278
 Exercises
• Convert the following binary numbers into
equivalent octal numbers.

a) (11010)₂
b) (1101011)₂
c) (1110101)₂
d) (1010101100)₂
Binary to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Hexadecimal
• Algorithm
– Group bits in fours, starting on right.
– Convert to hexadecimal digits.
 Example
10101110112 = ?16

10 1011 1011

2 B B

10101110112 = 2BB16
 Exercises
• Convert the following binary numbers into
equivalent hexadecimal numbers.

a) (11010)₂
b) (1101011)₂
c) (1110101)₂
d) (1010101100)₂
 Octal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Octal to Hexadecimal
• Algorithm
– Use binary as an intermediary.
– Convert binary into hexadecimal.
 Example
10768 = ?16

1 0 7 6

001 000 111 110

2 3 E

10768 = 23E16
 Exercises
• Convert the following octal numbers into
equivalent hexadecimal numbers.

a) (56)₈
b) (247)₈
c) (563)₈
d) (4706)₈
 Hexadecimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal to Octal
• Algorithm
– Use binary as an intermediary.
– Group bits in threes, starting on right.
– Convert binary into decimal.
 Example
1F0C16 = ?8

1 F 0 C

0001 1111 0000 1100

1 7 4 1 4

1F0C16 = 174148
 Exercises
• Convert the following hexadecimal numbers
into equivalent octal numbers.

a) (FAB)₁₆
b) (2AC)₁₆
c) (2A3B)₁₆
d) (ABCD)₁₆
 Exercise – Convert ...
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33
1110101
703
1AF

Don’t use a calculator!

Skip answer Answer

 Exercise – Convert …
Answer

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33 100001 41 21
117 1110101 165 75
451 111000011 703 1C3
431 110101111 657 1AF
 Common Powers (1 of 2)
• Base 10 Power Preface Symbol Value
10-12 pico p .000000000001
10-9 nano n .000000001
10-6 micro  .000001
10-3 milli m .001
103 kilo k 1000
106 mega M 1000000
109 giga G 1000000000
1012 tera T 1000000000000
 Common Powers (2 of 2)
• Base 2 Power Preface Symbol Value
210 kilo k 1024
220 mega M 1048576

230 Giga G 1073741824

 In computing, particularly w.r.t. memory,

the base-2 interpretation generally applies.