INTRODUCTION

MODULE NAME : BASIC COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

MODULE CODE : NMT04104
 MODULE OUTCOME

After completing this module a student should be able to.

 Apply knowledge and skills of computer technology in performing basic computer operations.
 Describe components and accessory of a computer and their functions in relation to basic computer
operations.
 Perform basic computer operations using knowledge and skills of computer technology.
 Utilize word processing application in preparing reports.
 Utilize spread sheet application in processing health data.
 Utilize power point application in preparing health information presentations.
 Utilize Microsoft publisher application in preparing health publications.
 Utilize Microsoft access application in keeping health data.
 Communicate and search health information using basic computer operation.
SESSION 1:
5.1.1 DESCRIBE COMPONENTS AND ACCESSORY OF A COMPUTER AND THEIR FUNCTIONS IN
RELATION TO BASIC COMPUTER OPERATIONS.
 COURSE OUTLINE

1. Define term computer.

2. Explain characteristics of a computer.

3. Explain classification of computer by size and power.
4. Describe the main parts of the computer(process, input, output storage).
5. Distinguish between hardware and software.
6. Differentiate between computer application programs and operating systems.
7. Describe accessories of the computer.
8. Explain functions of computer parts and accessories.
 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER.
A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that

can accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules, produce information (output), and

store the information for future use.

Or

A computer is an electronic device that accept data from input, processes data according to a set of

instructions called a program. It can perform a variety of tasks by executing these instructions, including

calculating, storing, retrieving, and manipulating data. Computers operate based on a combination of

hardware (physical components) and software (programs and applications) that work together to perform

tasks.
PARTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
 FUNCTIONS PERFORMED BY COMPUTER.

1. Input. Accepting data and instructions from users or other devices through input devices
like keyboards, mice, scanners, and sensors. This data is then processed within the
computer.
2. Processing. Process data from input and transform them into meaningful information.
CPU process data based on the instruction provided by specified software or program.
3. Storage. Used to store data either temporarily or permanently.
i. Primary storage (RAM). Hold data and instructions temporarily during execution
allowing for quick access.
ii. Secondary storage. Provide permanently data storage. Example. Hard drives, Solid
State Drives, and external storage device.
 FUNCTIONS PERFORMED BY COMPUTER CONTS...

1. Output. Presenting processed information to users and other devices. Output

devices include monitors, printers, speakers, and projectors that allow users to
see, hear, or interact with the results of computer processing.
2. Control. Managing the sequence of operation within computer. The control unit
within the CPU coordinates input, processing, storage, and output, ensuring that
tasks are executed in the correct order and resources are properly allocated.
COMPUTER BLOCK DIAGRAM
CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPUTER

key characteristics of a computer:

1. Speed
• Computers process data and execute commands at very high speeds, often measured in
milliseconds, microseconds, or even nanoseconds. This allows them to perform millions of
calculations per second.
2. Accuracy
• Computers perform tasks with a high degree of precision. If instructions are accurate and the
hardware is functioning correctly, computers can provide error-free results.
3. Automation
• Computers can automate repetitive tasks without human intervention once they are programmed.
This feature makes them ideal for tasks that require consistency and reliability over long periods.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPUTER CONTS…

4. Storage
• Computers have both temporary (RAM) and permanent storage (hard drives, SSDs). They can
store vast amounts of data for immediate or future access, making data retrieval quick and
convenient.
5. Versatility (Multipurpose)
• Computers can perform a wide range of tasks, from simple calculations to complex simulations,
by simply changing the software or instructions. This makes them adaptable across various fields
like education, healthcare, business, and more.
6. Diligence
• Computers do not suffer from fatigue or lack of concentration. They can perform the same task
repeatedly with consistent accuracy, which is especially useful in tasks requiring repetitive data
processing.
 EXPLAIN CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY SIZE AND
POWER

A computer is a device that transforms raw data into usable information. It processes input
based on user instructions to generate the desired output. Modern digital computers are
classified by size and capacity, which can be grouped into two main categories.
Classification of Computers According to Size
Computers can be categorized into four types based on size and configuration:
1. Supercomputers
2. Mainframe Computers
3. Minicomputers
4. Microcomputers
 EXPLAIN CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY SIZE AND
POWER CONTS…

Supercomputers. A supercomputer is an extremely powerful computer designed to perform

complex and massive calculations at extremely high speeds. Supercomputers are much more
powerful than standard computers and are used for specialized applications requiring immense
computational capacity.
 EXPLAIN CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY SIZE AND
POWER CONTS…

Key Characteristics of a Supercomputer

1. High Processing Speed
 Supercomputers are capable of processing vast amounts of data at astonishing speeds

2. Parallel Processing
 Supercomputers use parallel processing, where multiple processors work simultaneously on
different parts of a problem. This enables them to handle complex calculations and data
processing tasks at unparalleled speeds.
3. Large Memory and Storage Capacity
 Supercomputers require significant amounts of RAM and storage to handle large data sets,
especially in fields like scientific research, where datasets can reach terabytes or even petabytes.
 EXPLAIN CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY SIZE AND
POWER CONTS…

4. Specialized Architecture
 Supercomputers are designed with specialized hardware architecture optimized for high-
performance tasks. This includes advanced cooling systems, high-speed connections, and
sometimes even custom-built processors.
5. High Energy Consumption and Cooling Needs
 Supercomputers consume massive amounts of electricity and generate significant heat. Advanced
cooling systems, like liquid cooling or immersion cooling, are necessary to prevent overheating.
 EXPLAIN CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY SIZE AND
POWER CONTS…

Uses of Supercomputers
• Scientific Research: Modeling complex phenomena like weather patterns, climate
change, and molecular interactions.
• Simulations: Running simulations in fields such as aerospace, nuclear physics.
• Data Analysis. Analyzing massive data sets, and running algorithms for artificial
intelligence and machine learning.
• Medical Research: Modeling the spread of diseases, understanding genomics, and
simulating drug interactions.
• Military and Defense: Applications in defense simulation, cryptographic analysis, and
intelligence gathering.
EXPLAIN CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY SIZE AND
POWER CONTS…
 EXPLAIN CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY SIZE AND
POWER CONTS…

Mainframe Computers. Are powerful, large-scale computers designed to handle and process
vast amounts of data simultaneously for multiple users. They are used primarily by large
organizations for critical applications, such as large-scale transaction processing, database
management, and business analytics.
Key Characteristics of Mainframe Computers
1. High Processing Power and Reliability.
2. Multi-user Capability and Scalability.
3. Extensive Input/Output (I/O) Operations.
4. High Security and Data Integrity
 EXPLAIN CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY SIZE AND
POWER CONTS…

Key Characteristics of Mainframe Computers

1. High Processing Power and Reliability
 Mainframes are built for speed and reliability, capable of handling massive data processing
requirements with minimal downtime. They are engineered to run continuously, often operating
24/7, without performance degradation.
2. Multi-user Capability and Scalability
 Mainframes are optimized to support thousands of users and applications simultaneously,
providing secure and stable access. They are scalable, allowing additional resources to be added
as needed to handle increasing workloads.
 EXPLAIN CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY SIZE AND
POWER CONTS…

4. Extensive Input/Output (I/O) Operations

 Mainframes excel at managing I/O operations, which are crucial for tasks like transaction
processing and data handling in banking, retail, and airline reservation systems. They handle
hundreds of thousands of I/O operations per second, crucial for environments that require high
throughput.
5. High Security and Data Integrity
 Built with robust security protocols, mainframes are designed to protect sensitive data and ensure
data integrity, making them suitable for industries with stringent data protection needs, like
finance, healthcare, and government.
 EXPLAIN CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY SIZE AND
POWER CONTS…

Uses of Mainframe Computers

• Banking and Financial Services: Processing transactions, managing ATMs, and running
complex analytics.
• Government and Public Sector: Managing social security, tax records, and various
administrative functions.
• Retail and E-commerce: Handling large-scale transaction processing and inventory
management.
• Healthcare: Managing patient records, insurance claims, and billing information.
• Airlines and Transportation: Handling ticket reservations, logistics, and scheduling.
EXPLAIN CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY SIZE AND
POWER CONTS…
 EXPLAIN CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY SIZE AND
POWER CONTS…

 Minicomputers. Often called a mid-range computer, is a class of computing device that is

smaller, less powerful, and less expensive than a mainframe but more powerful than a
personal computer. Minicomputers were initially developed in the 1960s to serve as
affordable, efficient alternatives to mainframe computers for smaller businesses and research
institutions.
 EXPLAIN CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY SIZE AND
POWER CONTS…

Key Characteristics of Minicomputers

1. Moderate Processing Power
 Minicomputers offer moderate computational abilities compared to mainframes and supercomputers. They
are suitable for handling tasks that require a balance of power and affordability, such as multi-user
applications and small-scale data processing.
2. Multi-user Capability
 Unlike personal computers, minicomputers are designed to support multiple users simultaneously. They can
run multiple applications or sessions concurrently, allowing multiple users to connect through terminals or
workstations.
3. Compact Size
 Minicomputers are physically smaller than mainframes, making them more suitable for offices, laboratories,
and small businesses. This compact size, paired with sufficient processing power, made them popular in
environments that didn’t require a full mainframe.
 EXPLAIN CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY SIZE AND
POWER CONTS…

4. Flexibility and Scalability

 Minicomputers can be configured to run a variety of applications and often come with the flexibility
to add or remove storage, processing power, and other resources as needed.
5. Efficient Data Handling and I/O Operations
 Minicomputers are well-suited for real-time data processing and control applications, which makes
them useful for specialized industries such as manufacturing and scientific research.
 EXPLAIN CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY SIZE AND
POWER CONTS…

Common Uses of Minicomputers

Originally, minicomputers were widely used in the following areas.
• Laboratories and Research Facilities: Handling complex calculations, simulations, and
data processing.
• Manufacturing and Process Control: Monitoring production processes and controlling
machinery in factories.
• Business and Office Applications: Running databases, transaction processing, and serving
as small business servers.
• Educational Institutions: For training, simulations, and running academic applications.
EXPLAIN CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY SIZE AND
POWER CONTS…
 EXPLAIN CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY SIZE AND
POWER CONTS…

Microcomputers are computers with a microprocessor as their central

processing unit (CPU), designed for individual use. Unlike larger systems like
mainframes or minicomputers, microcomputers are small, affordable, and
accessible, making them ideal for personal and business applications. They are
often referred to as personal computers (PCs) and include desktops, laptops,
tablets, and smartphones.
 EXPLAIN CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY SIZE AND
POWER CONTS…

Key Characteristics of Microcomputers

1. Single Microprocessor-Based: Microcomputers are powered by a single
microprocessor chip, which integrates the CPU, memory, and other functionalities
into a compact unit. This distinguishes them from multi-processor or larger
systems.
2. Affordable and Accessible: Microcomputers are generally low-cost compared to
mainframes and minicomputers. This affordability has made computing widely
accessible to individuals and small businesses.
3. Compact and Portable: Microcomputers are smaller in size, with various types
such as desktops (stationary), laptops (portable), and tablets (highly portable).
Some, like smartphones, fit in the palm of your hand.
 EXPLAIN CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY SIZE AND
POWER CONTS…

4. Single-User Focus: While capable of connecting to networks,

microcomputers are typically designed for single-user applications,
although some models can support multiple users through software.
5. Versatile and General-Purpose: Microcomputers can run a wide
range of applications, from productivity software and internet
browsers to complex data processing and multimedia applications.
 EXPLAIN CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY SIZE AND
POWER CONTS…

Types of Microcomputers
• Desktop Computers: Stationary systems intended for regular home or office
use. They often have separate components, such as a monitor, keyboard, and
mouse.
• Laptops: Portable computers with an integrated screen, keyboard, and battery,
suitable for mobile use.
• Tablets: Handheld computers with a touchscreen interface, usually lacking a
physical keyboard.
• Smartphones: Small, portable devices with computing power, often considered
microcomputers due to their advanced processors and capabilities.
 EXPLAIN CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY SIZE AND
POWER CONTS…

Uses of Microcomputers
Microcomputers are used across various fields for applications like:
• Home Use: Internet browsing, media playback, gaming, and basic productivity
tasks.
• Business Applications: Word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, email,
and online communication.
• Education: Learning tools, research, and educational applications for students
and teachers.
• Industrial and Scientific: Data collection, control systems, and even remote
monitoring in some scientific fields.
EXPLAIN TYPES OF COMPUTER HARDWARE (INPUT, PROCESS,
STORAGE, OUTPUT).

Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system that you can touch and see. These
components work together to perform various functions, including input, processing, storage, and output. Hardware
forms the tangible part of a computer, as opposed to software, which is the set of instructions that tells the hardware
what to do.

 Examples of Computer Hardware:

Central Processing Unit (CPU), Memory (RAM), Storage Device, Motherboard, Input Devices, Output Devices.

Each of these components is essential for a computer to function properly, and they work in collaboration with
software to perform various tasks.
EXPLAIN TYPES OF COMPUTER HARDWARE CONTS…

Input Hardware
Input hardware allows users to enter data, commands, and instructions into the computer. These devices convert user actions or information into
digital data that the computer can process. Common types of input devices include:

• Keyboard: Allows users to type text and commands, translating keystrokes into data.

• Mouse: A pointing device that lets users interact with on-screen elements through clicks, movements, and scrolling.

• Scanner: Converts physical documents and images into digital format, allowing the computer to store and display them.

• Microphone: Captures sound, converting it into digital signals for recording, communication, and processing.

• Webcam: Captures images and video, often used for video conferencing and recording.

• Touchscreen: Combines input and output, allowing users to interact directly with the display by touching it.
EXPLAIN TYPES OF COMPUTER HARDWARE CONTS…

Processing Hardware
Processing hardware is responsible for interpreting and executing instructions to carry out tasks. The primary processing component in a
computer is the Central Processing Unit (CPU), often referred to as the “brain” of the computer. Key components include:
• Central Processing Unit (CPU): Executes instructions from programs, performing calculations and logical operations. The CPU
consists of two main parts:
• Control Unit (CU): Directs the operations within the CPU and controls the flow of data between the CPU and other
components.
• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logical operations, like addition, subtraction, and comparisons.
• Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): A specialized processor designed to accelerate graphics rendering, important for visual tasks like
gaming, 3D modeling, and machine learning.
• Motherboard: The main circuit board that connects and enables communication among all hardware components, including the
CPU, memory, storage, and other peripherals.
• Memory (RAM): Temporary storage that holds data and instructions the CPU needs while performing tasks. It allows for fast data
retrieval, ensuring quick performance for active tasks and applications.
EXPLAIN TYPES OF COMPUTER HARDWARE CONTS…
Storage Hardware
 Storage hardware retains data, files, and programs either temporarily or permanently. Storage
devices are crucial for holding the operating system, applications, and user files. The two main
types of storage are primary storage and secondary storage:
 Primary Storage (RAM): Also known as Random Access Memory (RAM), it temporarily
holds data and instructions that the CPU uses actively. RAM is volatile, meaning it loses all stored
information when the computer powers off.
 Secondary Storage: Non-volatile, long-term storage that retains data even when the computer
is turned off. Common types of secondary storage include:
 Hard Disk Drive (HDD): Uses spinning magnetic disks to store data. HDDs offer large storage capacities
at affordable prices.
 Solid-State Drive (SSD): Uses flash memory chips for faster data access speeds and greater durability
than HDDs.
 Optical Disks: CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs that use laser technology to read and write data. Optical
storage is less common for main storage but useful for media and backups.
 USB Flash Drive: A portable storage device that connects via USB, providing convenient external
storage.
 External Hard Drive: Offers additional storage capacity, often used for backups and extra storage
EXPLAIN TYPES OF COMPUTER HARDWARE CONTS…
Output Hardware
 Output hardware delivers processed information to the user, allowing them to see, hear, or
interact with results. Common output devices include:
• Monitor: Displays text, images, and video. Modern monitors use LCD (Liquid Crystal
Display) and LED (Light Emitting Diode) technology, providing high-definition visuals
and allowing users to interact with software through graphical interfaces.
• Printer: Produces a physical copy of digital documents, images, and other files. There are
different types of printers, such as:
• Inkjet Printers: Use ink to print and are suitable for high-quality color printing.
• Laser Printers: Use toner powder and are faster and more cost-effective for black-and-white or
high-volume printing.
• Speakers: Output sound, allowing users to listen to audio from music, videos, and
software.
• Headphones: Personal audio output devices that allow users to listen privately to sound
from the computer.
• Projector: Projects images, videos, and presentations onto a larger screen or surface,
 DISTINGUISH BETWEEN HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

Hardware and software are the two fundamental components of a computer system, each playing a distinct
role:
1. Hardware
• Definition: Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer that you can see, touch, and feel.
• Examples:
• Input Devices: Keyboard, mouse, scanner.
• Output Devices: Monitor, printer, speakers.
• Storage Devices: Hard drives, SSDs, USB flash drives.
• Internal Components: CPU, motherboard, RAM, GPU, power supply.
• Function: Hardware performs the actual physical tasks and operations necessary for running applications,
processing data, and interacting with users. It acts as the “body” of the computer system.
• Dependency: Hardware requires software to function effectively. Without software, hardware alone cannot
perform any meaningful tasks.
 DISTINGUISH BETWEEN HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

2. Software
• Definition: Software is a collection of instructions, data, or programs that tell the hardware how to
operate and perform specific tasks. Unlike hardware, software is intangible; it exists as code and
data.
• Types:
• System Software: Includes operating systems (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux) and utility programs that
manage and support the computer's core functions.
• Application Software: Programs that perform specific tasks for the user, such as word processors, web
browsers, games, and design tools.
• Function: Software serves as the “brain” or “instructions” for hardware, directing it to perform
tasks like processing data, displaying images, or saving files.
• Dependency: Software cannot function without hardware, as it needs a physical system to run on.
 DISTINGUISH BETWEEN HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

Feature Hardware Software

Nature Physical components Digital instructions or data

Executes tasks as directed by Directs hardware on how to

Function
software perform tasks

Wears out over time, Doesn’t physically wear out

Durability susceptible to physical but may require updates or
damage become obsolete

CPU, monitor, keyboard, Operating system, word

Examples
mouse processor, browser

Requires replacing physical Can be updated or reinstalled

Modification
parts easily
 DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN COMPUTER APPLICATION
PROGRAMS AND OPERATING SYSTEMS.

Computer application programs and operating systems (OS) are two distinct types of software, each with
specific roles in a computer system.
1. Computer Application Programs
• Definition: Application programs are software designed to help users perform specific tasks or activities.
These programs are user-focused and allow for productivity, creativity, and functionality in a variety of fields.
• Purpose: Applications provide tools for particular tasks such as word processing, browsing the internet,
creating spreadsheets, or editing photos.
Examples: Microsoft Word (for word processing), Google Chrome (for web browsing), Adobe
Photoshop (for graphic design), Excel (for spreadsheets), Zoom (for video conferencing)
• User Interaction: Application programs are often directly used and controlled by the user, who selects and
opens them to accomplish a task.
• Dependency: Applications require an operating system to function, as they rely on the OS for essential
resources and support to interact with hardware.
 DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN COMPUTER APPLICATION
PROGRAMS AND OPERATING SYSTEMS CONTS...

2. Operating System (OS)

• Definition: An operating system is system software that manages computer hardware, software
resources, and provides common services for computer programs. It acts as an intermediary between
the hardware and the user’s applications.
• Purpose: The OS is responsible for managing system resources (CPU, memory, storage), facilitating
user interactions, and providing a stable environment where application programs can run.
Examples: Windows (e.g., Windows 10, Windows 11), macOS (e.g., macOS Ventura), Linux
(e.g., Ubuntu, Fedora), Android (for mobile devices), iOS (for iPhones and iPads).
• User Interaction: While users interact with the OS interface (desktop, taskbar, etc.), they do not
directly use it to complete specific tasks. Instead, the OS supports applications that carry out those
tasks.
• Dependency: The OS is foundational software, meaning that it must be installed on the computer for
the computer to function. Without an OS, the computer cannot run any application programs.
 DESCRIBE ACCESSORIES OF THE COMPUTER

Computer accessories are devices or peripherals that enhance the functionality, performance, or
convenience of a computer. Here are some common accessories:
1. Keyboard: An input device used for typing text, commands, and shortcuts. It may be wired or
wireless.
2. Mouse: A pointing device for navigating and interacting with graphical elements on the screen. It
can also be wired or wireless.
3. Monitor: The primary display screen for viewing information processed by the computer.
4. Printer: An output device for creating hard copies of digital documents, images, and other files.
5. Speakers: Output devices that produce audio, enhancing multimedia experiences.
6. Headphones and Headsets: Personal audio devices; headsets include a microphone for
communication.
7. Webcam: A camera for capturing video, often used for video calls and streaming.
 DESCRIBE ACCESSORIES OF THE COMPUTER

8. External Hard Drive: A storage device for expanding a computer’s storage capacity and
creating backups.
9. USB Flash Drive: A portable storage device for transferring and storing files.
10. Docking Station: Allows laptops to connect to additional monitors and peripherals easily.
11. Cooling Pad: A device for preventing laptops from overheating during extended use.
12. Stylus Pen: A pen-like accessory for drawing or writing directly on touchscreen devices.
13. Game Controllers: Joysticks, gamepads, and steering wheels for gaming.
14. Card Reader: A device for accessing memory cards used in cameras, phones, and other
devices.
15. Surge Protector or UPS: Devices that protect the computer from power surges and provide
backup power during outages.
 EXPLAIN FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER PARTS AND
ACCESSORIES

Computer parts and accessories serve various essential functions, contributing to the overall operation, performance, and
usability of a computer. Here’s a breakdown of the primary components and accessories, along with their functions:
Core Computer Parts and Their Functions
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): Acts as the "brain" of the computer, executing instructions from programs by
performing calculations and processing data. It's vital for overall computer performance.
2. Motherboard: The main circuit board connecting all components. It allows communication between the CPU, RAM,
storage, and peripherals, supporting power distribution and data transfer.
3. Random Access Memory (RAM): Temporary memory that stores data currently in use, enabling quick access by the
CPU. More RAM allows more programs to run simultaneously without slowing down.
4. Storage Drive (HDD or SSD):
1. Hard Disk Drive (HDD): A traditional storage device that uses spinning disks to read and write data.
2. Solid State Drive (SSD): A faster, modern alternative with no moving parts, making it quicker and more durable for data
storage.
3. Both store the computer's operating system, software, and files.
 EXPLAIN FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER PARTS AND
ACCESSORIES CONTS…

5. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): Processes graphics and visual data, relieving the CPU
of graphic-intensive tasks. Essential for gaming, video editing, and design work.
6. Power Supply Unit (PSU): Converts electricity from a wall outlet into usable power for
computer components. It regulates and distributes the correct power levels to each part.
7. Cooling System (Fans, Heat Sinks, and Liquid Cooling): Keeps the computer’s
temperature within safe limits, preventing overheating by dispersing excess heat.
8. Computer Case: Encloses and protects all internal components, providing structure and
often enhancing airflow for cooling.
9. Network Card (Wi-Fi or Ethernet): Allows a computer to connect to the internet or a
network, either wirelessly or through a wired connection.
 EXPLAIN FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER PARTS AND
ACCESSORIES CONTS…

Computer Accessories and Their Functions

1. Keyboard: An input device for typing text, issuing commands, and navigating software. It allows direct interaction
with the computer.
2. Mouse: A pointing device used to control the cursor, click, drag, and interact with elements on the screen.
Essential for navigation, especially with graphical interfaces.
3. Monitor: The main display screen that visually presents data, images, and user interfaces. Higher-resolution
monitors provide better detail and color accuracy.
4. Printer: Produces hard copies of digital documents and images, useful for physical records, presentations, and
artwork.
5. Speakers: Output devices that produce audio, providing sound for multimedia applications like music, movies,
games, and video calls.
6. Headphones and Headsets: Personal audio accessories that provide privacy and enhanced audio quality.
Headsets include a microphone for two-way communication, useful for gaming and video calls.
7. Webcam: Captures video and images, often used for video conferencing, streaming, and online communication.
 EXPLAIN FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER PARTS AND
ACCESSORIES CONTS…

8. External Hard Drive: Expands a computer’s storage capacity and is commonly used for data backups, allowing portability of
large files.
9. USB Flash Drive: A small, portable storage device that facilitates easy file transfer and backup.
10. Docking Station: Provides additional connectivity for laptops, allowing easy connection to multiple peripherals like monitors,
keyboards, and mice.
11. Cooling Pad: Used with laptops to prevent overheating by providing additional airflow beneath the device.
12. Stylus Pen: A pen-like accessory for drawing, writing, and interacting with touchscreens, especially useful for designers and
digital artists.
13. Game Controllers: Specialized input devices for gaming that provide greater control over games with actions like driving,
shooting, and maneuvering.
14. Card Reader: Allows computers to read data from memory cards commonly used in cameras, smartphones, and other
devices.
15. Surge Protector or UPS:
 Surge Protector: Shields the computer from power surges, which could otherwise damage sensitive components.
 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS): Provides temporary power during outages, allowing safe shutdown and data protection.