PP_Module 5.
3
Data description
• The numerical findings of a study should be presented clearly, concisely, and in such a manner
that an observer can quickly obtain a feel for the essential characteristics of the data.
• Over the years it has been found that tables and graphs are particularly useful ways of
presenting data, often revealing important features such as the range, the degree of
concentration, and the symmetry of the data.
• Now we will discuss some common graphical and tabular ways for presenting data.
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3
DESCRIBING DATA SETS
• Frequency Tables and Graphs_Line,Bar,Pie
• Grouped Data_Scatter Plots
• Histograms
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Frequency Tables and Graphs
• Frequency table for a data set consisting of the starting yearly salaries
(to the nearest thousand dollars) of 42 recently graduated students
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Line graph
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Bar graph
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Relative Frequency Tables and Graphs
• Consider a data set consisting of n values. If f is the frequency of a particular
value, then the ratio f /n is called its relative frequency
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Pie Chart
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Grouped Data, Histograms
• Divide the values into groupings, or class intervals, and then plot the
number of data values falling in each class interval
• The endpoints of a class interval are called the class boundaries
• We will adopt the leftend inclusion convention
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Histogram
Frequency histogram
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PAIRED DATA SETS
• Sets that consist of pairs of values that have some relationship to each
other
• Data set of paired values is to plot the data on a two dimensional
graph,
• The x-axis representing the x value of the data
• The y-axis representing the y value. Such a plot is called a scatter
diagram
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Scatter Diagram
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Matplot library
• Matplotlib is a plotting library for the Python programming language
and its numerical mathematics extension NumPy.
• It provides an object-oriented API for embedding plots into
applications
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Python Matplotlib
• Markers
• line
• labels
• grid
• subplot
• scatterplot
• histogram
• bar chart
• pie charts
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Python Matplotlib
• Matplotlib is a comprehensive library for creating static, animated,
and interactive visualizations in Python. Matplotlib makes easy things
easy and hard things possible.
• Important Types of Plots
• Line chart
• Bar graphs
• Histograms
• Scatter plots
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Line graph
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Examples:
• Draw two points in the diagram, one at position (1,
3) and one in position (8, 10):
• The plot() function
is used to draw
points (markers) in
a diagram.
• By default,
the plot() function
draws a line from
point to point.
• Parameter 1 is an
array containing the
points on the x-axis.
• Parameter 2 is an
array containing the
points on the y-axis.
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Markers and grids
• Marker list
o Circle
* Star
. Point
p Pixel
x/X X
+/p Plus
s Square
d/D Diamond
p Pentagon
H/h Hexagon
v/^ Triangle down/up
</> Triangle Left/right
1/2 / Tri up/down/left/right
3/4
| Vline
_ Hline
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Marker formatting: colour, line style, marker size(use ms)
• Line options(line style is written • Colour options
as ls)
r Red
'-.' Dashed/dotted
line g Green
'--' Dashed line B Blue
':' Dotted line C Cyan
'-' Solid line m Magneta
y Yellow
plt.plot(ypoints, linewidth = '20.5')
plt.show() K Black
w White
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Examples:
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Multiple lines (use plt.plot())
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Formatting of titles and labels
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Grid lines (use plt.grid)
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Create multiple plots using subplot
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Create scatter plot(use the scatter() function)
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Change the size of scatterplot
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Creating Bars
Change colour using color example-plt.bar(x, y, color = "red") change widh example: plt.bar(x, y, width = 0.1)
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Histogram : to show frequency distributions
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Pie Charts (use the pie() function to draw pie charts)
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Settings: Colour, legend
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References
• https://www.w3schools.com/python/matplotlib_pyplot.asp
• https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/python-tutorial/matplotlib
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