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Quantum Mechanics Tutorial L

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28 views5 pages

Quantum Mechanics Tutorial L

Uploaded by

salonipriya3545
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Quantum Mechanics Tutorial l

Engineering Physics
Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad
Let us consider a problem which involve concepts of de Broglie wavelength
 Find the wavelength of (a) a 46-g golf ball with a velocity 30 m/s and, (b) an electron with a velocity of
m/s.
(a) Momentum of golf ball p = mv
Since we know that p = h/λ therefore λ = h/mv
So now, λ = = = 4.8 m

• The wavelength of the golf ball is so small compared with its dimensions that we would not expect to find
any wave aspects in its behavior.
(b) Mass of electron m = 9.1 kg

Now λ = = = 7.2 m

• The dimension of atoms are comparable with above finding (e. g. the radius of hydrogen atom is ). It is not
surprising that the wave character of moving electron is the key to understand atomic structure and
behaviour.
Let’s look at another problem
 A proton has de Broglie wavelength 1 fm. Calculate the kinetic energy of the proton.

Rest energy of proton = 0.938 GeV


Where m0 is rest mass of proton having value 1.672 kg

= = = 1.241 eV = 1.241 GeV

Since a relativistic calculation is required.

The expression for total energy ( including both kinetic energy and rest energy) of proton is given as-

E = = = 1.555GeV

Hence,
Kinetic Energy = = (1.555-0.938) GeV = 617 MeV
 An electron has a de Broglie wavelength of 2 m. Find its (a) kinetic energy (b) phase and group
velocity of its de Broglie wave.
(a) Rest energy of electron (Rest mass of electron = 9.1 kg)

Now to calculate pc: = =

Since , so we will use the relativistic approach.


And kinetic energy of electron using relativistic approach is given by:
=
(b) The energy of electron with velocity v is of the fallowing form
𝐸 =𝛾 𝐸 o where
𝐸𝑜
𝐸=
√ 1− 𝑣 2 / 𝑐2

√ √
2
𝐸
( ) =0.771 𝑐
2
511 𝑘𝑒𝑉
0
Gives 𝑣 =𝑐 1 − =c 1−
𝐸 803 𝑘𝑒𝑉
2

Hence the phase and group velocities are respectively


vp = = = 1.30 c And vg = 0.771c
 The Davisson – Germer experiment: An experiment that confirms the existence of de
Broglie waves
Measured by XRD
n = 1, θ = (highest intensity observed with a 54 V) and d = 0.091 nm (spacing of crystalline planes of nickel)

The Bragg equation for maxima in the diffraction pattern


nλ = 2d sinθ = 2(0.091 nm)(sin) = 0.165 nm
h
Now we use de Broglie’s formula to find expected wavelength of the electrons i.e. 𝜆=
𝛾 𝑚𝑣
Kinetic energy of electron KE = eV = 54 eV
since KE < 0.51 MeV (rest energy of electron). So we can let
We also know that K = =
Gives p =

= = 0.166 nm

Which agrees well with the observed wavelength of 0.165 nm. The Davisson - Germer experiments thus
directly verifies de Broglie hypothesis of the wave nature of moving bodies.

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