Basic Computer

Components and
Functions
 Categories of Computer Hardware:

• Input Devices
• Output Devices
• Processing Devices
• Memory/Storage Devices
 INPUT DEVICES/PERIPHERAL
Input hardware devices of computer - These components are mostly
to be used for recognized the input data that are given by users for
solving their problems. Input instructions can be different types such as
text, images, audio, and video. With the help of
these hardware components these data transfer from input devices to
computer

Function – Obtain all different types of data from various types of input
devices such as keyboard can allows only alphanumeric information and
tracking device feed spatial information, and convert all data into
machine language like as 0, 1 form. Finally calculated data provide to
computer memory.
Input Unit
This unit contains devices with the help of which we enter data into the computer. This unit creates a link
between the user and the computer. The input devices translate the information into a form understandable
by the computer.
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Joy Stick
• Light pen
• Track Ball
• Scanner
• Graphic Tablet
• Microphone
• Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)
• Optical Character Reader(OCR)
• Bar Code Reader
• Optical Mark Reader(OMR) Keyboard
Keyboard
• The keyboard is the most
basic and very commonly
used input device which
helps to input data to the
computer.
• Normally available
keyboards in the market
were of two sizes 84 keys
and 101/102 keys, but now
keyboards with 104 keys or
108 keys are also possible
for Windows and Internet.
Magnetic Ink Card Reader
(MICR)
• The MICR input device is
commonly seen in banks as
there are a huge amount of
cheques to be processed
every day. The important
details like the bank’s code
number and cheque number
are printed on the cheques
with specially designed ink
based on the particles of
magnetic material that is
readable by the sensors of the
machine.
Mouse
• It is the most commonly used
pointing device. It is a very
famous cursor-control device
and the earlier versions of it
were built over a small palm-
size box with a round ball at its
base, which tracks the
movement of the mouse and
feeds digital signals to the CPU
when the mouse buttons are
pressed. Currently, the mouse
has a sensor at the bottom to
detect cursor position.
Track Ball
• It is the most commonly used pointing
device. It is a very famous cursor-
control device and the earlier versions
of it were built over a small palm-size
box with a round ball at its base, which
tracks the movement of the mouse
and feeds digital signals to the CPU
when the mouse buttons are pressed.
Currently, the mouse has a sensor at
the bottom to detect cursor position.
• It is most helpful with a notebook or
laptop computer, instead of a mouse.
It consists of a ball on the top which is
half inserted and connected to the
sensors. By moving fingers on the ball,
the cursor can be moved
Light Pen
• light pen is a digital
pointing device. This
device is used to select an
item displayed in the
menu or to draw anything
on the display. It contains
a photocell and an optical
sensor placed in a small
tube at the tip.
Joystick
• Joystick is also a pointing
device, which is used to
travel the cursor position
on a display. It is a
perpendicular stick having
a spherical ball at both
lower and upper ends. The
spherical ball connected
at the circuit having
sensors moves in a
socket. The joystick
controller can be
traversed in all directions.
Touch pad
• is best alternative to mouse
device. In which all input give
to computer by touching
to touch pad, mostly this
component is embedded on
the laptop.
Scanner
• A scanner is another input device,
which works very much like a
photocopy machine. It can be used
when some information on paper is
to be transferred to the hard disk
of the computer in digital format
for further manipulation.
• The scanner captures high-
resolution images from the source
which are then converted into a
digital format that can be saved on
the disk and shared digitally. These
digital images can be edited before
they are printed
 Output Devices/Peripheral
• Output Device received the processed information form
processing components, and finally produce them into various
form such text, audio, and video. These output devices might be
connected with computer via wireless or wired.

• Function – Obtain all different types of data from various types

of input devices such as keyboard can allows only
alphanumeric information and tracking device feed spatial
information, and convert all data into machine language like as
0, 1 form. Finally calculated data provide to computer memory.
Monitor
• use for showing the output in
the visual shape, which is soft
form.
Printer
• basically an output device
which prints a hard copy of
the electronic data that is
stored in the computer or any
other devices.
Projector
• For projecting the computer
screen data on the surface
object such as wall or white
board.
Global Positioning System
• GPS Global Positioning
System device take the all
information from GPS
controller such as location
and weather conditions, and
releases the accurate
output
Braille Reader
• These devices are designed
for blind person, because
Braille reader retrieves all
output from computer which
readable for blind people.
Plotter
• This computer hardware
device is used for producing
the vector graphic output.
Processing Devices of Computer
• Processing is most important function of computer, because in
this phase has been done transformation to data into useful
information using with many computer processing computer
hardware devices.

• Function – The main function of processing devices are have

to responsible for getting meaningful information from converted
data with the help of various processing devices.
is logically integrated chip that processed all logical instructions, and
produce the output. This contains arithmetic, logic and control circuitry
required to perform the function of a computer’s central processing unit
(CPU).

2. Graphics processing unit is also a processor that is designed for

rending the videos and images with good quality.

3. CPU - With the help of this Central Processing Unit can be executed all
instruction such as logically, arithmetically, and I/O operation which are
given by users.

4. Motherboard is a printed board containing the principal components of

a computer or other device with connectors into which other circuit board
can be stored.
CPU
• With the help of this Central • A CPU is a type of
Processing Unit can be processor tasked with a
executed all instruction such variety of roles. A
as logically, arithmetically, and microprocessor is
I/O operation which are given generally tasked with one
by users. specific task and does
that one task exceedingly
well. A CPU issues
commands to
microprocessors and in
return the
microprocessors send
data to the CPU or other
1. Microprocessor
• a computer processor for which
the data processing logic and
control is included on a single
integrated circuit (IC), or a small
number of ICs. The
microprocessor contains the
arithmetic, logic, and control
circuitry required to perform the
functions of a computer's central
processing unit (CPU).
Graphics processing unit
• a processor that is designed
for rending the videos and
images with good quality.
Motherboard
• is a printed board containing
the principal components of a
computer or other device with
connectors into which other
circuit board can be stored.
 Memory or Storage Unit
•This unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate results. This unit supplies
information to other units of the computer when needed. It is also known as
internal storage unit or the main memory or the primary storage or Random
Access Memory (RAM).
• Primary memory is • Secondary memory is long-
memory the CPU can term and persistent data
access directly. storage that’s not directly
•Random-access memory accessed by the CPU.
•A hard disk drive (HDD) is a
(RAM)
non-volatile, electro-mechanical
is short-term memory,
data storage hardware for
where only the data persistent and long-term data
currently in use by the CPU storage.
is kept. •A solid-state drive (SSD) is a
•Read-only memory (ROM solid-state, non-volatile storage
) hardware that uses integrated
is non-volatile memory that circuit assemblies.
connects by electronically •An optical (CD or DVD) drive
modified post is persistent storage written and
manufacturing. read with a specialized laser.
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
READ ONLY MEMORY
 OTHER COMPUTER
COMPONENTS
The computer case or
system unit
This component holds all of the
physical parts of a computer system.
It is usually designed in such a
manner to make fitting a
motherboard, wiring, and primary
and secondary storage devices as
easy as possible. Some are designed
so well that it is easy to make
everything look tidy and
presentable.
 POWER SUPPLY UNIT

A power supply unit mounts inside the

computer case. It converts the AC mains
supply from the power cord from a wall
socket and supplies the correct DC
voltages to all the components.
A computer power supply supplies the
following voltages:

It plays an important role in keeping a

computer running reliably.
A power supply usually also comes with
a cooling fan. This helps all the internal
components in your computer to stay
cool when the power supply is subjected
to bigger loads.