Trends, Networks, and

Critical Thinking in the

21st Century – Module
5: Global Networks
(Part 1)
Globalization

• As cited in the Revisitadestatica (2012), the term globalization refers to

the emergence of an international network, belonging to an economic
and social system. One of the earliest uses of the term "globalization",
as known, was in 1930 - in a publication entitled “Towards New
Education” to designate an overview of the human experience in
education. Since the invention of the concept, globalization has
inspired numerous definitions and has had a history going back in time
to the great commercial and imperialist movements throughout Asia
and the Indian Ocean since the fifteenth century. Roland Robertson, a
professor of sociology at the University of Aberden, was the first person
who defined globalization as "the understanding of the world and the
increased perception of the world as a whole." Martin Albrow and
Elizabeth King, sociologists, define globalization as "all those processes
by which the peoples of the world are incorporated into a single world
society.
Globalization

• It can be linked to the local, the national and the regional. On the one hand, a
connection is made between social and economic relationships and networks,
organized on a local or national, on the other hand, it connects social and
economic relationships and networks formed on wider scale the regional and
global interactions. It is a process of interaction and integration among the
people, companies, and governments of different nations. A process driven by
international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This
process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on
economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being on
societies around the world. For many developing nations, globalization has led to
an improvement in standard of living through improved roads and
transportation, improved health care, and improved education due to the global
expansion of corporations. However, globalization has had a negative effect on
individuals who live in developed nations. Some of the factors that cause
globalization are migration and labor.
Migration

• is a movement to another place, often of a large group of

people.
Labor

• is defined as work, especially hard physical work.

• People are more willing to move between different

countries today in search for work. Remittances now play a
large role in transfers from developed countries to
developing countries.
Types of Globalization

• Economic Globalization is the increasing economic integration and

interdependence of national, regional, and local economies across the world
through an intensification of cross boarder movement of goods, services,
technologies and capital.

• Examples: • Trans-national trades are companies that extend beyond the

borders of one country example of these are Unilever and McDonalds • World
Trade Organization is the only global international organization dealing with the
rules of trade between nations. The WTO has 164 members and 24 observer
governments. • Foreign Direct Investment is an investment in the form of a
controlling ownership in a business in one country by an entity based in another
country. It is thus distinguished from a foreign portfolio investment by a notion of
direct control. In 2019, China and South Korea followed Singapore as the largest
investors in the Philippines.
Social Globalization

• is a social transformation or process leading to the

achievement of people-centered development. Human-
centered development concept is offered as an alternative
strategy to bring about a more equity development
outcome.
• Examples:
• • UN General Assembly
• • Partnership of International Development Programs
• • Social Integration, Gender Equity and access to Social
Services • HIV/AIDS Awareness
Political Globalization

• refers to an increasing trend toward multilateralism in an

emerging transnational state apparatus and the emergence of
national and international non-governmental organizations
that act as watchdogs over governments. The government
has four distinct roles in addressing sustainability concerns.
These roles are as follows:
• 1. Policy development
• 2. Regulation
• 3. Facilitation
• 4. Internal sustainability management
Financial Globalization

• is a collective concept that refers to increasing global

linkages created through cross-border financial flows.
Financial integration refers to an individual country's
linkages to international capital markets.
Technological Globalization

• is accelerated in large part by technological transmission,

the spread of technology across borders. Although the
Philippines is not the world's least technologically advanced
country, it is far from leading. It ranks 83rd out of 138
countries in terms of technological readiness, according to
the Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
Ecological Globalization

• occurs when ecosystems are constantly exchanging

materials through the movement of air in the atmosphere,
the flow of water in rivers and the migration of animals
across the landscape. The world is also becoming highly
interconnected through the movement of people and the
transport of goods locally to globally (EurekAlert.com).
Geographical Globalization

• is defined as the set of processes (economic, social,

cultural, technological, and institutional that contributes to
the relationship between societies and individuals around
the world. It is a progressive process by which exchanges
and flows between different parts of the world are
intensified.
 Positive and Negative Effects of Globalization
Positive Negative
It creates opportunities for countries to The growth of international trade has
connect to other countries for larger worsened income inequalities between
markets. developed, developing and
underdeveloped countries.
This can lead to more access capital Global commerce is increasingly
flows, technology, human capital, dominated by transnational
cheaper imports and larger export corporations which seek to maximize
markets. profits without regard for the
development needs of individual
countries.
It allows businesses to become part of Competitions among developing
international production networks and countries are races which dangerously
supply chains of different countries. lower environmental standards.
It allows workers to migrate from their Parents and children can spend a
homelands in poorer countries to more decade apart, where they pass their
developed countries to find work. responsibilities to grandparents.
Technologies are introduced to make a Many developing countries do not have
narrower product more efficiently. strict rules about environmental
protection, resulting in serious air,
• Globalization leads to interconnectedness of people and
nations, where people refer to a group of people with
commonality, such as religion, culture and language who
lives in a specific area, while nation refers to a larger group
of people organized in a specific place, which embodied an
independent government of its country where they can
decide on their own.
• Cooperation is the process of working together to the same
end. It is an active help from a person, organization etc.
such as an orderly sharing of space and resources.
Cooperation means conditionally sharing information and
resources while functioning together within an independent
“connective” in typical roles with workloads accepted as
unequal to change something in a way that: a. benefits
some individuals in a group, b. meets their personal needs,
and c. may result in disrupted innovation.
• Collaboration means to work together with others to
achieve a common goal. Unconditionally sharing everything
and helping each other while mutually working together in
cohesive “collective” in unusual roles embracing talents of
each person to synergize or invent something new in a way
that: a. benefits all the groups, b. serves the whole team’s
goal, and c. may result to creative innovation.