Disaster Management

Unit – II: Remote Sensing in

Disaster Management

- Visual and digital image

interpretation

Artwork by:
Raj Bhagat Palanichamy
(WRI INDIA)

Dr. Ankit Deshmukh

School of Technology, PDEU.
[email protected]
爵 ankitdeshmukh.com |  anixn
Types of data products
Depending on correction applied & level of
processing

RS data products
RS data products

Photographic products such as paper Raw data: radiometrically and

prints, film negatives, diapositives of black geometrically uncorrected data
and white and FCC (False color
composite)
Standard data: radiometrically
and geometrically corrected data
Digital form CCTs
(computer compatible Geocoded products: data: products are north
tapes) oriented and compatible to survey of India
map sheet

Precision product: radiometrically and

geometrically corrected data with the use of
Note: FCC are generated by combining the data contained in GCP to achieve greater locational accuracy
three spectral bands respectively. The choice of band
combinations can be determined depending upon application
Source: Dr. Shagufta Akbari
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Image interpretation strategy and elements of image
interpretation
• Visual image interpretation: Process of
identifying what we see on the images and X, Y location
communicate the information obtained from
size
these images to others for evaluating its
significance. shape

shadow
• Includes relative locations and extents
Basic elements Tone
of image
interpretation
• Use of data products like Satellite single band colour
imageries, FCC for performing image
Texture
interpretations to extract thematic information
for subsequent input to GIS Pattern

Height & Depth

Site & Situation

Fig: Elements of image interpretation

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Basic of Digital Image Processing
Digital Image

Each pixel has an intensity value (represented by a digital number)

Digital image is
• a two-dimensional array of pixels, and
• a location address (referenced by its row and column numbers).

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Gray Scale images

 Most raw unprocessed satellite imagery is stored in

a gray scale format.

 A gray scale is a color scale that ranges from black

to white, with varying intermediate shades of gray.

 A commonly used gray scale for remote sensing

image processing is a 256 shade gray scale.

 A value of 0 represents a pure black color, the value

of 255 represents pure white, and each value in
between represents a progressively darker shade of
gray.
[256 level gray scale]

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Multilayer Image
• Multilayer image is formed by "stacking“ images from the same area together.
• Each component image is a layer in the multilayer image and carry some specific
information about the area.
• Multilayer images can also be formed by combining images obtained from different
sensors, and other subsidiary data.

An illustration of a multilayer image consisting of five component layers.

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Three Broad Categories of Image Processing

• Image Restoration (Pre-processing) Digital Image Processing Flow

• Image Enhancement
• Classification and Information Extraction

Pre-processing: Radiometric and geometric corrections are required

• Atmospheric correction
• Sun illumination geometry
• Surface-induced geometric distortions
• Spacecraft velocity and attitude variations (roll, pitch, and yaw)
• Effects of Earth rotation, elevation, curvature (including skew effects),
• Abnormalities of instrument performance
• Loss of specific scan lines (requires restriping), etc.

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Application of RS

Web Links
The application of remote sensing in disaster management.
13 Applications of remote sensing in Disaster management

Articles
The Application of Remote Sensing Technologies for Disaster Management (
http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/14_K004.pdf)

Remote sensing applications in disaster management.

(https://metnet.imd.gov.in/mausamdocs/154115_F.pdf)

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Contrast Enhancement
• It is an image processing procedure that improves the contrast ratio of images.
• The original narrow range of digital values is expanded to utilize the full range of
available digital values.
• It is useful to examine the image histograms before performing any image
enhancement.

Sample Image Histograms

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Image histogram

CSV File range(Pixels)

[1] 11 239

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Contrast Enhancement
1. Linear Contrast Enhancement
2. Non-Linear Contrast Enhancement

Displayed in an 8-bit system

Image is vague
DN values range from 60-158
0-59 and 159-255 are not utilized

DN values are stretched to 0-255

Contrast is improved
Light tones appear lighter
Dark tones appear darker

Landsat TM Band-5

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Histogram-Equalized Stretch

1. Image Histogram a graphical representation of the brightness value that comprise

an image.
2. The brightness value are displayed along x-axis and frequency of occurrence of
each these values on y-axis of the graph.
3. DN values are enhanced based on their frequency in the original image
4. DN values corresponding to the peaks of the histogram are assigned to a wider
range
5. More display levels to the higher frequency region gives better information
enhancement

Original histogram Transformation Adjusted histogram

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 Resource: Histogram Equalization
Histogram-Equalized Stretch
• DN values are enhanced based on their frequency in the original image.
• The 8-bit grayscale image shown has the following values:

The histogram for this

image is shown in the
following table. Pixel values
that have a zero count are
excluded for the sake of
brevity.

This cdf shows that the minimum value in the sub image is 52 and the maximum value is 154. The cdf of 64
for value 154 coincides with the number of pixels in the image. The cdf must be normalized to [0,255]. The
general histogram equalization formula is:
M × N gives the image's number of pixels (for the
example above 64, where M is width and N the height)
and L is the number of grey levels used (in most cases,
like this one, 256).

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Sample calculation

Microsoft Excel
Worksheet

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