GAMBELLA UNIVERSITY

FACULITY OF:COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLGY

DEPARTMENT OF : MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
course title : Finite Element Method (FEM)
Assignment type : individual assignment
Assignment number : two
Name : Honelign Getu SUBMITED TO BSC, ASHAGRE
ID Number: RNSc/0404/2013
SUBMITED DATE, /19/02/2017 E.C

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1.What is element stress depend on finite element method ?

Element stress in the context of the Finite Element Method (FEM) depends on several key factors:

1. Material Properties: The mechanical properties of the material, such as Young's modulus,
Poisson's ratio, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength, significantly influence how stress is
distributed within an element.

2. Element Type: Different types of finite elements (e.g., 1D line elements, 2D triangular or
quadrilateral elements, and 3D tetrahedral or hexahedral elements) have different formulations for
calculating stress. The choice of element type affects the accuracy and convergence of the stress
results.

3. Mesh Density: The size and quality of the mesh can impact stress results. A finer mesh typically
provides more accurate stress distribution but requires more computational resources. Conversely,
a coarser mesh may lead to less accurate results.

4. Boundary Conditions: The constraints applied to the model (fixed supports, roller supports,
etc.) affect how loads are transmitted through the structure and consequently influence stress
distribution.
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 5. Loading Conditions: The type, magnitude, and direction of applied loads (static, dynamic,
thermal, etc.) directly affect the stress state within each element.

6. Geometric Configuration: The shape and size of the component being analyzed will also
influence how stress is distributed throughout the material.

7. Nonlinear Effects: For materials that exhibit nonlinear behavior (plasticity, large
deformations), the relationship between stress and strain becomes more complex, affecting the
calculated element stresses.

8. Integration Points: Stress is often calculated at specific points within each finite element
(integration points), and the distribution of these points can affect the overall accuracy of
stress results.

By considering these factors in the FEM analysis, engineers can obtain a detailed
understanding of how stresses are distributed throughout a structure or component under
various conditions. This information is crucial for ensuring safety and performance in
engineering designs.

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2.What is stiffness mean based on finite element method ?

In the context of the Finite Element Method (FEM), stiffness refers to the resistance of a structure or material to
deformation under applied loads. It is a fundamental property that relates the applied forces to the resulting
displacements in a system.
▎Key Concepts of Stiffness in FEM:
1. Stiffness Matrix:
- In FEM, each element has an associated stiffness matrix that defines how it deforms in response to applied
loads. The stiffness matrix relates nodal forces to nodal displacements.
- For a linear elastic material, the stiffness matrix 𝐊 can be expressed as:
𝐅 = 𝐊𝐮
where 𝐅 is the vector of applied forces, 𝐊 is the stiffness matrix, and 𝐮 is the vector of nodal displacements.
2. Element Stiffness:
- Each finite element contributes to the overall stiffness of the structure. The element stiffness matrix is derived
based on the material properties, geometry, and type of element.
- For example, for a 1D bar element, the stiffness can be calculated using:
k = EA/L
where E is Young's modulus, A is the cross-sectional area, and L is the length of the element.

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 4. Stiffness and Deformation:
- A higher stiffness value indicates that a structure will deform less under a given load.
Conversely, a lower stiffness means greater deformation for the same load.
- Stiffness can vary with direction (anisotropic materials) or with the type of loading
(e.g., bending vs. axial loads).

5. Dynamic Analysis:
- In dynamic analysis, stiffness plays a role in determining natural frequencies and
mode shapes of structures. The stiffness matrix is used in conjunction with mass matrices
to analyze vibrations and stability.

6. Nonlinear Stiffness:
- In some cases, particularly with large deformations or material nonlinearity, the
stiffness can change during loading, leading to a nonlinear stiffness matrix. This requires
more complex formulations and iterative solutions.

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3. What is stiffness matrix based on finite element method ?

The stiffness matrix in the Finite Element Method (FEM) is a fundamental component that describes how a
structure or material resists deformation when subjected to external forces. It establishes a relationship between
applied forces and resulting displacements at the nodes of the finite elements. Here's a more detailed
breakdown:

▎Definition

The stiffness matrix, often denoted as 𝐊, is a square matrix that relates nodal forces 𝐅 to nodal displacements 𝐮
in a linear elastic system. The relationship can be expressed mathematically as:

𝐅 = 𝐊𝐮
▎Construction of the Stiffness Matrix

1. Element Stiffness Matrix:

- Each finite element has its own stiffness matrix, which is derived based on the material properties (like
Young's modulus), geometry, and type of element (e.g., beam, shell, solid).
- For example, for a 1D axial bar element, the element stiffness matrix 𝐤 can be expressed as:

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 𝐤 = EA/L[ 1 & -1; -1 & 1 ]

where:
- E = Young's modulus
- A = Cross-sectional area
- L = Length of the element

2. Assembly of Global Stiffness Matrix:

- The global stiffness matrix 𝐊 for the entire structure is assembled by summing the
contributions of all individual element stiffness matrices.
- This involves mapping the local element degrees of freedom to the global degrees of
freedom and ensuring that the contributions are added correctly based on connectivity.

3. Boundary Conditions:
- When assembling the global stiffness matrix, boundary conditions (fixed supports,
applied loads, etc.) are considered. This may lead to modifications in the stiffness matrix
and force vector to account for constrained degrees of freedom.

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▎Properties of the Stiffness Matrix

- Symmetric: For linear elastic problems, the stiffness matrix is symmetric (K_ij = K_ji).
- Positive Definite: A well-posed problem will have a positive definite stiffness matrix, meaning
that it will yield unique solutions for displacements when forces are applied.
- Size: The size of the stiffness matrix corresponds to the number of degrees of freedom in the
system. For example, a 2D problem with n nodes and 2 degrees of freedom per node will have a
global stiffness matrix of size 2n × 2n.

▎Applications

- Static Analysis: Used to determine displacements and reactions under static loads.
- Dynamic Analysis: Used in conjunction with mass matrices to analyze vibrations and dynamic
response.
- Stability Analysis: Helps in assessing buckling and stability characteristics of structures.

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4.What are they the types of element based on finite element method ?

In the Finite Element Method (FEM), elements are classified based on their geometry, dimensionality, and
the type of analysis being performed. Here are the main types of elements:

▎1. Based on Dimensionality

- 1D Elements:
- Line Elements: Used for problems in one-dimensional space (e.g., axial bars, beams).
- Examples:
- Truss elements
- Beam elements
- 2D Elements:
- Surface Elements: Used for planar problems.
- Examples:
- Triangular elements (e.g., linear triangle, quadratic triangle)
- Quadrilateral elements (e.g., linear quad, quadratic quad)

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 3D Elements:
- Volume Elements: Used for three-dimensional problems.
- Examples:
- Tetrahedral elements (e.g., linear tetrahedron, quadratic tetrahedron)
- Hexahedral elements (e.g., linear hexahedron, quadratic hexahedron)
- Pentahedral and other polyhedral elements

▎2. Based on Shape Functions

- Linear Elements:
- Use linear shape functions. They are simpler and computationally less expensive.
- Examples: Linear triangular and linear quadrilateral elements.

- Quadratic Elements:
- Use quadratic shape functions, providing higher accuracy for curved geometries.
- Examples: Quadratic triangular and quadratic quadrilateral elements.

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▎3. Based on Analysis Type
- Structural Elements:
- Designed for structural analysis (e.g., trusses, beams, frames).
- Thermal Elements:
- Used for heat transfer analysis (e.g., conduction, convection).
- Fluid Elements:
- Used in fluid dynamics simulations (e.g., for incompressible or compressible flow).

- Electromagnetic Elements:
- Used for electromagnetic field analysis (e.g., wave propagation, static fields).

▎4. Specialized Elements

- Contact Elements:
- Used to model interactions between different bodies or surfaces.
- Nonlinear Elements:
- Designed to handle material nonlinearity, geometric nonlinearity, or boundary conditions that change with
deformation.

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5. Define truss with its application based on /FEM/

▎Definition of a Truss
A truss is a structural framework composed of members (bars or beams) connected at joints, typically
arranged in a triangular configuration. The primary function of a truss is to support loads and distribute
forces throughout its structure. Trusses are characterized by their ability to carry loads primarily through
axial forces, meaning that the members experience tension or compression rather than bending.
▎Characteristics of Trusses
1. Members: Straight elements connected at joints.
2. Joints: Points where two or more members meet, often assumed to be pin-connected (allowing rotation).
3. Load Distribution: Loads are applied at the joints, and internal forces are calculated based on equilibrium.
4. Planar vs. Space Trusses:
- Planar Trusses: All members lie in the same plane.
- Space Trusses: Members extend into three-dimensional space.
▎Applications of Trusses
Trusses are widely used in various engineering fields due to their efficiency and strength-to-weight ratio.
Some common applications include:

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1. Buildings:
- Roof trusses for supporting roofs in residential and commercial buildings.
- Floor trusses for creating open spaces without columns.

2. Bridges:
- Used in bridge construction (e.g., Pratt, Warren, and Howe truss designs) to span large distances
while minimizing material use.

3. Towers and Masts:

- Communication towers, transmission towers, and radio masts utilize truss structures for stability
and height.
4. Industrial Structures:
- Frameworks for warehouses, factories, and storage facilities.
5. Aircraft and Aerospace:
- Wing structures and fuselage frameworks often use truss designs for weight reduction and
structural integrity.
6. Mechanical Systems:
- Used in the design of cranes, lifts, and other load-bearing mechanisms.

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The Finite Element Method is extensively used to analyze truss structures due to its ability to handle complex
geometries and loading conditions effectively. Here’s how FEM applies to trusses:

1. Modeling:
- Each member of the truss is represented as a one-dimensional finite element (line element).
- Nodes represent the joints where members connect.
2. Element Types:
- Linear or nonlinear elements can be used depending on the material properties and loading conditions.
3. Shape Functions:
- Linear shape functions are commonly used for truss elements, simplifying the calculation of displacements and
forces.
4. Boundary Conditions:
- Appropriate boundary conditions (supports, fixed ends) are applied to model real-world constraints.

5. Loading Conditions:
- External loads are applied at the nodes, and the resulting internal forces (tension or compression) in each
member are calculated.

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6. Define bar with its application based on /FEM/ ?

▎Definition of a Bar
A bar in structural engineering refers to a straight, slender structural element that can carry axial loads,
either in tension or compression. Bars are typically assumed to have uniform cross-sectional areas and are
characterized by their ability to deform linearly under loading conditions. In the context of the Finite
Element Method (FEM), bars are often modeled as one-dimensional elements.
▎Characteristics of Bars
1. Geometry: Bars are defined by their length, cross-sectional area, and material properties.
2. Loading: They primarily experience axial loads, which can lead to elongation (tension) or shortening
(compression).
3. Material Properties: The behavior of bars is influenced by their material properties, such as Young's
modulus, yield strength, and Poisson's ratio.

▎Applications of Bars

Bars are widely used in various engineering applications due to their simplicity and effectiveness in
carrying loads. Some common applications include:

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1. Structural Frames:
- Used as members in frames for buildings, bridges, and towers, where they contribute to overall
stability and load distribution.

2. Trusses:
- Individual members of trusses are often modeled as bars, allowing for efficient load transfer through
the structure.

3. Bridges:
- Bars can be used in the design of bridge components, such as tension rods and compression struts.
4. Mechanical Components:
- Used in machinery and equipment, such as linkages, beams in cranes, and tension cables.
5. Tension Structures:
- Employed in applications like suspension bridges and tensile membranes, where they help maintain
structural integrity.
6. Load-Bearing Walls:
- Reinforced concrete walls often have vertical bars (rebar) embedded to enhance tensile strength.

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1. Modeling:
- Each bar is represented as a one-dimensional finite element with nodes at each end.
- The length of the bar is divided into smaller elements for analysis.
2. Element Type:
- Linear bar elements are commonly used for simple axial loading situations.
- Nonlinear elements may be employed for more complex behaviors, such as large deformations.
3. Shape Functions:
- Linear shape functions are typically used to interpolate displacements along the length of the bar.
4. Stiffness Matrix:
- Each bar element has an associated stiffness matrix derived from its material properties and geometry.
- The global stiffness matrix for the entire structure is assembled from individual element matrices.
5. Boundary Conditions:
- Supports and constraints are applied at the nodes to simulate real-world conditions.
6. Loading Conditions:
- External axial loads can be applied at the nodes, leading to internal forces and displacements within
the bars.

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7. Define beam with its application based on /FEM/ ?

▎Definition of a Beam
A beam is a structural element designed to support loads, primarily bending moments, and shear forces.
Beams are typically long and slender, with a cross-section that is much smaller than its length. They can be
subjected to various loading conditions, including point loads, distributed loads, and varying loads along
their length.
▎Characteristics of Beams
1. Geometry: Beams have a defined length and cross-sectional shape (e.g., rectangular, circular, I-shaped).
2. Loading: They primarily experience bending and shear, leading to deflection and internal stresses.
3. Material Properties: The behavior of beams is influenced by material properties such as Young's modulus,
yield strength, and moment of inertia.
▎Applications of Beams
Beams are widely used in various engineering structures due to their ability to efficiently carry loads.
Common applications include:
1. Building Structures:
- Horizontal members in floors and roofs that support the weight of the structure and occupants.

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2. Bridges:
- Main load-bearing elements that span gaps, distributing loads from traffic and other forces.

3. Frames and Trusses:

- Beams serve as members in structural frames and trusses, contributing to stability and load transfer.

4. Mechanical Systems:
- Used in machinery as support structures for moving parts or as levers in mechanical systems.

5. Overhangs and Cantilevers:

- Beams can extend beyond their supports, providing architectural features like balconies and awnings.
6. Support for Equipment:
- In industrial settings, beams support heavy equipment or piping systems.
▎Finite Element Method (FEM) for Beams
The Finite Element Method is a powerful analytical tool for evaluating the behavior of beams under
various loading conditions. Here’s how FEM applies to beam analysis:

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1. Modeling:
- Beams are represented as one-dimensional finite elements with nodes at each end.
- The length of the beam is divided into smaller elements for detailed analysis.
2. Element Types:
- Commonly used beam element types include:
- Euler-Bernoulli Beam Elements: For slender beams where shear deformation is negligible.
- Timoshenko Beam Elements: For short beams where shear deformation is significant.
3. Shape Functions:
- Polynomial shape functions are used to interpolate displacements along the beam length.
4. Stiffness Matrix:
- Each beam element has an associated stiffness matrix derived from its material properties and geometry.
- The global stiffness matrix for the entire beam structure is assembled from individual element matrices.
5. Boundary Conditions:
- Supports (e.g., fixed, pinned) and constraints are applied at the nodes to simulate real-world conditions.
6. Loading Conditions:
- External loads can be applied at specific points or distributed along the beam length, leading to internal
bending moments and shear forces.

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8. Define spring with its application based on /FEM/ ?

▎Definition of a Spring
A spring is a mechanical device that stores and releases energy. It is designed to deform under load and
return to its original shape when the load is removed. Springs can be classified into several types,
including:
1. Compression Springs: Designed to resist axial compressive forces.
2. Tension Springs: Designed to resist axial tensile forces.
3. Torsion Springs: Designed to resist twisting or rotational forces.
4. Leaf Springs: Typically used in vehicle suspension systems, consisting of layered strips of material.
▎Characteristics of Springs
1. Material Properties: Springs are usually made from materials with high elasticity, such as steel, allowing
them to undergo significant deformation without permanent changes.
2. Spring Constant (k): A measure of a spring's stiffness, defined as the force required to compress or
extend the spring by a unit length.
3. Energy Storage: Springs store potential energy when deformed, which can be released when the load is
removed.
▎Applications of Springs
Springs have diverse applications across various fields, including:

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1. Automotive Industry:
- Used in suspension systems to absorb shocks and maintain vehicle stability.
2. Mechanical Devices:
- Found in mechanisms such as clocks, toys, and various machinery for energy storage and release.

3. Industrial Equipment:
- Employed in conveyor systems and presses to provide force and support.
4. Electronics:
- Used in switches, buttons, and connectors for tactile feedback and actuation.
5. Aerospace:
- Utilized in landing gear systems and various control mechanisms.

6. Medical Devices:
- Incorporated in prosthetics and surgical instruments for controlled movement.
▎Finite Element Method (FEM) for Spring Analysis
The Finite Element Method is an effective analytical tool for evaluating the behavior of springs under various
loading conditions. Here’s how FEM applies to spring analysis:

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1. Modeling:
- Springs can be modeled as one-dimensional elements (e.g., linearly elastic) or as three-dimensional solid
elements depending on the complexity of the design.
2. Element Types:
- Commonly used element types for springs include:
- 1D Beam Elements: For simple compression or tension springs.
- 3D Solid Elements: For more complex geometries or when detailed stress distribution is needed.
3. Material Properties:
- The material properties (e.g., Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio) are defined based on the spring material to
accurately simulate behavior.
4. Boundary Conditions:
- Supports and constraints are applied at specific locations to simulate real-world conditions (e.g., fixed ends
for compression springs).
5. Loading Conditions:
- External forces or displacements can be applied at specific points or distributed along the spring length to
analyze response under different scenarios.
6. Stiffness Matrix:
- Each spring element has an associated stiffness matrix derived from its geometry and material properties.
- The global stiffness matrix for the entire spring system is assembled from individual element matrices.

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9. Mechanical properties of materials related to finite element method ?

The mechanical properties of materials play a crucial role in the finite element method (FEM) as they directly
influence how materials respond to loads and environmental conditions. Here are some key mechanical
properties relevant to FEM:

▎1. Elastic Modulus (Young's Modulus)

• Definition: A measure of a material's stiffness or resistance to elastic deformation under load.

• Importance: Determines how much a material will deform under a given stress.
▎2. Poisson's Ratio
• Definition: The ratio of lateral strain to axial strain when a material is stretched.
• Importance: Important for predicting how a material will deform in directions perpendicular to the applied
load.
▎3. Yield Strength
• Definition: The stress at which a material begins to deform plastically.
• Importance: Critical for determining the load-carrying capacity and failure points in structural analysis.

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▎4. Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS)

• Definition: The maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before necking.

• Importance: Helps in assessing the maximum load before failure.

▎5. Hardness

• Definition: A measure of a material's resistance to localized plastic deformation.

• Importance: Indicates wear resistance and can correlate with tensile strength.
▎6. Ductility
• Definition: The ability of a material to deform plastically before fracture.
• Importance: Ductile materials can absorb significant energy before failing, which is crucial in design
considerations.
▎7. Fatigue Strength
• Definition: The highest stress a material can withstand for a specified number of cycles without failure.
• Importance: Essential for components subjected to cyclic loading.

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▎8. Creep Resistance

• Definition: The tendency of a material to deform permanently under the influence of constant
stress over time.

• Importance: Important for materials used in high-temperature applications.

▎9. Thermal Properties
• Thermal Conductivity: Affects heat distribution in materials.

• Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE): Influences how dimensions change with temperature.
▎10. Viscoelasticity

• Definition: Describes materials that exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics when
undergoing deformation.

• Importance: Relevant for polymers and biological materials, affecting how they respond under
dynamic loading conditions.

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▎Application in Finite Element Method:

• Material Models: FEM requires defining material behavior through mathematical models that
represent these properties (e.g., linear elastic, plastic, viscoelastic).

• Element Type Selection: Different types of finite elements may be used depending on the material
properties (e.g., shell elements for thin structures, solid elements for bulk).

• Boundary Conditions and Load Cases: Understanding mechanical properties helps in accurately
applying boundary conditions and load scenarios in simulations.

• Failure Analysis: Mechanical properties are critical for predicting failure modes and ensuring safety in
engineering designs.

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10. Interpolation function related to finite element method ?

In the finite element method (FEM), interpolation functions (also known as shape functions) are crucial for
approximating the displacement field within an element based on nodal values. These functions allow us to
express the solution (e.g., displacements, temperatures) at any point within the element in terms of the
values at the nodes. Here’s a detailed overview:
▎1. Definition
Interpolation functions are mathematical functions that define how nodal values influence the values within
the element. They are constructed to satisfy certain properties, such as:
• Nodal Values: The function equals 1 at its associated node and 0 at all other nodes.
• Continuity: They ensure that the solution is continuous across elements.
▎2. Types of Interpolation Functions

Depending on the type of elements used, different interpolation functions can be employed:
▎a. Linear Interpolation Functions
• 1D Linear Element: For a linear bar element with nodes at x₁ and x₂:

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N₁(x) = x₂ - x / x₂ - x₁, N₂(x) = x - x₁ / x₂ - x₁

• 2D Linear Triangle Element: For a triangle with vertices at nodes A, B, and C:

▎b. Quadratic Interpolation Functions

For higher accuracy, quadratic interpolation functions can be used in both 1D and 2D elements.
• 1D Quadratic Element: For three nodes:
N₁(ξ) = (1 - ξ)(1 - 4ξ), N₂(ξ) = 4ξ(1 - ξ), N₃(ξ) = ξ(2 - 3ξ)

• 2D Quadratic Triangle Element: Involves more complex functions that include additional terms for
mid-side nodes.
▎3. Properties of Interpolation Functions

• Partition of Unity: The sum of all shape functions for a given element equals one:

N₁ + N₂ + ... + Nₙ = 1

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 Continuity: For continuous elements, shape functions should ensure that the displacement field is
continuous across element boundaries.

▎4. Usage in FEM Formulation

Interpolation functions are used in the following steps:

• Approximation of Field Variables: The displacement field u within an element is approximated as:

u(x) = N₁(x) u₁ + N₂(x) u₂ + ... + Nₙ(x) u ₙ

• Element Stiffness Matrix: The stiffness matrix for an element is derived using shape functions:

[k] = ∫_V Bᵀ D B dV
where B is derived from shape functions and D is the material property matrix.

• Assembly of Global System: The contribution from each element is assembled into a global stiffness
matrix and force vector.

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11. How many elements are there in the human body ?

The human body is made up of approximately 60 chemical elements, but only a few of these are
considered essential for life. Here are the key points regarding the elements in the human body:
▎Major Elements
1. Oxygen (O) - About 65% of body mass
2. Carbon (C) - About 18%
3. Hydrogen (H) - About 10%
4. Nitrogen (N) - About 3%
These four elements make up roughly 96% of the human body's mass.
▎Minor Elements
Other important elements include:
• Calcium (Ca) - Essential for bones and teeth
• Phosphorus (P) - Important for DNA and energy transfer

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 • Potassium (K), Sulfur (S), Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), and Magnesium (Mg) - Vital for various
physiological functions

▎Trace Elements

There are also trace elements that are required in very small amounts, such as:

• Iron (Fe) - Crucial for oxygen transport in blood

• Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Iodine (I), Selenium (Se), and others

In total, while there are around 60 different elements found in the human body, only about 20 of
these are considered essential for health and functioning. The majority of the body's mass is
composed of just a few key elements.

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 Thanks………!!!

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