Introduction To Embedded Systems

Introduction to
Embedded
Systems
Embedded systems are the invisible computing power behind many
of the devices we use every day. From our smartphones and cars to
medical equipment and industrial machinery, embedded systems
play a vital role in modern society. These systems are designed for a
specific purpose and are often embedded within a larger system,
working behind the scenes to control and monitor various functions.
This presentation will delve into the fascinating world of embedded
systems, exploring their key components, design process, and vast
applications.
by Misty
What are Embedded Systems?
1 Dedicated Function
Embedded systems are designed with a specific task in mind, whether it's controlling
a washing machine, navigating a car, or managing a medical device. They are not
general-purpose computers like laptops or desktops.
2 Real-Time Operation
Embedded systems often need to react to events in real time. This means they must
respond to inputs and produce outputs within strict time constraints. For example, an
airbag system must deploy almost instantaneously in a car crash.
3 Limited Resources
Embedded systems typically have limited resources, such as memory, processing
power, and energy. This is because they are often designed for small devices with
specific requirements. Engineers must carefully optimize their designs to maximize
efficiency within these constraints.
4 Integration with Physical World

Embedded systems often interact with the physical world through sensors and
actuators. Sensors gather data from the environment, while actuators control physical
components. For instance, a thermostat uses sensors to measure temperature and
actuators to adjust the heating or cooling system.
Key Components of Embedded Systems
Microcontroller/ Memory Peripherals
Microprocessor
Stores program instructions Devices that connect to the
The brain of the embedded and data for the microcontroller or
system. It executes microcontroller or microprocessor, such as
instructions and performs microprocessor to access. sensors, actuators, and
calculations, controlling the communication interfaces.
overall operation of the These peripherals allow the
system. system to interact with the
physical world and
communicate with other
devices.
Microcontrollers and
Microprocessors
Microcontroller
A complete computer on a single chip. It includes a central
processing unit (CPU), memory, and peripheral interfaces, all
integrated together. Microcontrollers are commonly used in
applications with limited resources and tight space constraints.
Microprocessor
A more powerful processor designed for general-purpose computing.
It typically requires external memory and peripheral devices.
Microprocessors are often used in more complex embedded systems
that require higher processing power.
Embedded Software and Programmin
Programming Languages
Embedded systems are typically programmed in languages like C, C++, and
Assembly. These languages provide low-level control over the hardware and
optimize performance for resource-constrained devices.
Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS)

RTOS are specialized operating systems designed for real-time applications.
They manage the system's resources and ensure timely execution of tasks. An
RTOS is often used when an application requires precise timing and
responsiveness.
Development Tools
Various tools assist in embedded software development, including integrated
development environments (IDEs), debuggers, and simulators. These tools help
developers write, test, and debug embedded software efficiently.
Sensors and Actuators
Sensors Actuators
Sensors gather data from the physical world. They Actuators receive signals from the embedded
convert physical quantities like temperature, system and control physical components. They
pressure, light, or motion into electrical signals that convert electrical signals into physical movements,
can be processed by the embedded system. like turning a motor, adjusting a valve, or controlling
a display.
Real-Time Operating Systems
Feature Description
Real-Time Scheduling Prioritizes and schedules tasks

to meet deadlines.
Resource Management Manages memory, CPU, and

other resources efficiently.
Inter-Process Communication Allows different parts of the

system to communicate and
exchange data.
Interrupt Handling Responds to events and

interrupts in a timely manner.
Embedded System Design Process
Requirement Analysis 1
Understanding the system's goals,
specifications, and constraints.
2 System Architecture
Designing the overall structure of the
system, including hardware and software
Hardware Design 3 components.
Choosing and implementing the hardware
components, such as the microcontroller,
memory, and peripherals. 4 Software Development
Writing the code for the embedded
system, including device drivers, control
Testing and Debugging 5 logic, and application software.
Testing the system thoroughly to ensure it
meets all requirements and identifying
and fixing any issues. 6 Deployment and Maintenance
Deploying the system and providing
ongoing maintenance and support.
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Applications of Embedded Systems
Automotive
Engine control, anti-lock brakes, airbags, navigation systems, infotainment systems, and
driver-assistance features.
Consumer Electronics
Smartphones, tablets, smartwatches, digital cameras, gaming consoles, and home appliances.
Healthcare
Medical imaging equipment, patient monitoring devices, drug infusion pumps, and prosthetic limbs.
Industrial Automation
Robotics, process control, machine automation, manufacturing equipment, and factory
Challenges and Trends in
Embedded Systems
1 Security
Embedded systems are increasingly connected to networks, making them vulnerable
to cyberattacks. Secure development practices and robust security measures are
crucial to protect against these threats.
2 Energy Efficiency
Embedded systems often operate on battery power, so energy efficiency is
paramount. Designers use low-power components, optimize software, and implement
power-saving techniques to extend battery life.
3 Artificial Intelligence (AI)

AI is transforming embedded systems, enabling them to perform more complex tasks
like image recognition, natural language processing, and predictive maintenance.
4 Internet of Things (IoT)

The IoT is connecting billions of devices, including many embedded systems, to the
internet. This creates opportunities for new applications and services but also poses
challenges in managing data, security, and scalability.

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Introduction to

4 Integration with Physical World

Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS)

Real-Time Scheduling Prioritizes and schedules tasks

Resource Management Manages memory, CPU, and

Inter-Process Communication Allows different parts of the

Interrupt Handling Responds to events and

3 Artificial Intelligence (AI)

4 Internet of Things (IoT)

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