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NETWORK &
SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION MCIT 06103
C.M.N The OSI Model • OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model - describes seven layers that computer systems use to communicate over a network.
• It was first developed by the International Organization for
Standardization, also called the ISO. (Its shortened name, ISO, is derived from a Greek word meaning equal.) Network engineers, hardware technicians, programmers, and network administrators still use the layers of the OSI model to communicate about networking technologies. OSI Model • You need to memorize the seven layers of the OSI model. Here’s a seven-word mnemonic that can help, or you can write your own: All People Seem To Need Data Processing
Now let’s take a look at each layer in the OSI model.
The layers are numbered in descending order, starting with Layer 7, the Application layer, at the top. Layer 7: Application Layer • Describes the interface between two applications, each on separate computers. • It is the Human-computer interaction layer, where apps can access network services. • includes protocols like HTTP, SMTP, POP3, IMAP4, FTP, and Telnet. Layer 6: Presentation Layer • Is responsible for reformatting, compressing, and/or encrypting data in a way that the application on the receiving end can read. • For example, an email message can be encrypted at the Presentation layer by the email client or by the operating system. • It ensures data is in a usable format and it is where encryption of data occurs Layer 5: Session Layer • Describes how data between applications is synced and recovered if messages don’t arrive intact at the receiving application.
• For example, the Skype application works with the
operating system to establish and maintain a session between two end points for as long as a voice conversation or video conference is in progress.
• How are session interruptions handled in the session
layer. Layer 4: Transport Layer • Is responsible for transporting Application layer payloads from one application to another
• It takes data transferred in the session layer and
breaks it into segments on the transmitting end.
• It reassembles the segments on the receiving
end, turning it back into data that can be used in the session layer. • Eg. UDP and TCP UDP vs TCP • UDP (User Datagram Protocol) TCP (Transmission Control • Is a connection-less or best- Protocol) effort protocol. Why? • Is a connection-oriented • Does not guarantee delivery by protocol, it makes a connection first connecting and checking with the end host, checks whether data is received whether the data is received, and resends it if it is not. • It guarantees delivery (It takes longer) Layer 3: Network Layer • Is responsible for moving messages from one node to another until they reach the destination host. • Also known as the Internet Layer • The principal protocol used by the Network layer is IP (Internet Protocol). • Has two main functions: 1. Breaking segments into packets & reassembling the packets 2. Routing packets by discovering the best path across a physical network Layer 2: Data Link Layer • Is responsible for establishing and terminating a connection btn two physically-connected nodes on a network. • It breaks up packets into frames and sends them from source to destination. • The protocols at these layers are programmed into the firmware of a computer’s NIC and other networking hardware.
• It is composed of two parts:
1. LLC (Logical Link Control) 2. MAC(Media Access Control) Layer 1: Physical Layer • Is responsible for the physical cable or wireless connection btn network nodes. • It defines the connector, the electrical cable or wireless technology connecting the devices • Also transmits raw data (0s and 1s) Summary • Physical Layer (Layer 1): Defines the physical means of data transmission, such as cable specifications, wireless transmission, and network topology. • Data Link Layer (Layer 2): Ensures error-free transfer of data frames between two devices on the same network, using protocols like Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and PPP. • Network Layer (Layer 3): Routes data between different networks, using protocols like IP, ICMP, and IGMP. • Transport Layer (Layer 4): Provides reliable data transfer between devices, using protocols like TCP and UDP. • Session Layer (Layer 5): Establishes, maintains, and terminates connections between applications, using protocols like SSH. • Presentation Layer (Layer 6): Converts data into a format suitable for the receiving device, using protocols like SSL and TLS. • Application Layer (Layer 7): Supports functions like email, file transfer, and web browsing, using protocols like HTTP, FTP, and SMTP. PROTOCOLS & PORT NUMBERS • TCP (Transport Layer): Connection-oriented protocol, using port numbers 20 and 21 for FTP. • UDP (Transport Layer): Connectionless protocol, using port numbers 53 for DNS and 67/68 for DHCP. • ICMP (Network Layer): Error-reporting protocol, using port number 1. • HTTP (Application Layer): Web protocol, using port number 80. • FTP (Application Layer): File transfer protocol, using port numbers 20 and 21. End of Lesson What is the OSI model, and what are its layers? What is the role of a firewall in the OSI model’s context? How does the OSI model enhance the understanding of network protocols? What type of model is the OSI Model?
Haramaya University Haramaya Institute of Thechnology School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Communication Stream Assignment of Switching and Intelligent Networks