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Evolution of MP

Evolution of Microprocessor

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21 views17 pages

Evolution of MP

Evolution of Microprocessor

Uploaded by

vijayalakshmis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EVOLUTION OF MIC

ROPROCESSOR Presented By
S.Vijayalakshmi B.E,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Computer Science,
Sri Sarada Niketan College for Women,Karur.
Evolution Of Microprocessor
• First-generation
From 1971 to 1972 the era of the first generation came which
brought microprocessors like INTEL 4004 Rockwell
international PPS-4 INTEL 8008 etc.

• Second generation
The second generation marked the development of 8-bit
microprocessors from 1973 to 1978. Processors like INTEL 8085
Motorola 6800 and 6801 etc came into existence.

• Third generation
The third generation brought forward the 16-bit processors like
INTEL 8086/80186/80286 Motorola 68000 68010 etc. From
1979 to 1980 this generation used the HMOS technology.
Evolution Of Microprocessor
• Fourth generation
The fourth-generation came into existence from
1981 to 1995. The 32-bit processors using
HMOS fabrication came into existence. INTEL
80386 and Motorola 68020 are some of the
popular processors of this generation.

• Fifth-generation
From 1995 till now we are in the fifth generation.
64-bit processors like PENTIUM, Celeron, dual,
quad, and octa-core processors came into existen
Single Chip Microprocessor
• Everything is packaged in the same single physical IC
• The IC contains the CPU core(s)
• The IC contains the memory (ROM and RAM)
• The IC contains all the IO hardware (Video, serial, etc)
• Single-chip computers are mainly of the form known
as Microcontroller chips (the most commonly known are the
PIC range by Microchip inc) and used in embedded devices.
• They provide much more basic functionality but are far
simpler to work with as they don't require any external chips
in order to function.
• Some attempts have been made to create single-chip
computers of the style of Intel or AMD PC architectures, but
due to the complexity of the components involved this has not
been a very easy task.
Microcomputer
• A micro-computer is a small and relatively
inexpensive computer with a central
processing unit (CPU) made up of a
microprocessor.
• The computer also includes Micro and
input and output (I/O) circuity.
• It is a complete computer utilized on a
small scale and designed for a single
person.
Buses in Microprocessor
• A bus is a set of parallel connections
between components.
• There are three types of buses in a
microcomputer: address, data, and control.
• The address bus is used mainly by the
microprocessor to indicate which particular
address in main memory or which I/O port
needs to be accessed.
Microprocessor Architecture
• The microprocessor is the CPU (Central Processing Unit) of a
computer. It is the heart of the computer. Here, we will
describe Intel 8085 as it is one of the most popular 8-bit
microprocessor.
• Intel 8085 is an 8-bit, NMOS microprocessor designed by Intel
in 1977.
• It is a 40 pin I.C. package fabricated on a single LSI chip.
• The Intel 8085 uses a single +5Vd.c. supply for its operation.
• Intel 8085?s clock speed is about 3 MHz; the clock cycle is of
320ns.
• 8 ?bit data bus.
• Address bus is of 16-bit, which can address up to 64KB
• 16-bit stack pointer
• 16 bit PC (Program Counter)
• Six 8-bit registers are arranged in pairs :BC, DE, HL
ALU
• The Arithmetic and Logic Unit, ALU performs the arithmetic
and logical operations:
• Addition
• Subtraction
• Logical AND
• Logical OR
• Logical EXCLUSIVE OR
• Complement (Logical NOT)
• Increment (add 1)
• Decrement (subtract 1)
• Left shift, Rotate left, Rotate right
Timing and Control Unit
• It is used to generate timing and control signals
which are necessary for the execution of
instructions.
• It is used to control data flow between CPU and
peripherals (including memory).
• It is used to provide status, control and timing
signals which are required for the operation of
memory and I/O devices.
• It is used to control the entire operations of the
microprocessor and peripherals connected to it.
Registers
• Registers are used for temporary storage and
manipulation of data and instructions by the
microprocessor.
• Data remain in the registers till they are sent to the I/O
devices or memory. Intel 8085 microprocessor has the
following registers:
• One 8-bit accumulator (ACC) i.e. register A
• Six general purpose registers of 8-bit, these are B,C, D, E,
H and L
• One 16-bit stack pointer, SP
• One 16-bit Program Counter, PC
• Instruction register
• Temporary register
FLAG
The five status flags of Intel 8085 are:
• Carry Flag (CS)
• Parity Flag (P)
• Auxiliary Carry Flag (AC)
• Zero Flag(Z)
• Sign Flag(S)
Data and Address Bus
• The Intel 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor.
Its data bus is 8-bit wide and therefore, 8 bits of
data can be transmitted in parallel from or to the
microprocessor.
• The Intel 8085 requires an address bus of 16-bit
wide as the memory addresses are of 16-bits.
• The 8 most significant bits of the address are
transmitted by the address bus, A-bus (pins A8 ?
A15).
Reset Signals
• RESET IN (Input): It resets the program
counter (PC) to 0. It also resets interrupt
enable and HLDA flip-flops. The CPU is
held in reset condition till RESET is not
applied.
• RESET OUT (Output): RESET OUT
indicates that the CPU is being reset.
Clock Signals
• X1, X2 (Input): X1 and X2 are terminals to
be connected to an external crystal oscillator
which drives an internal circuitry of the
microprocessor. It is used to produce a
suitable clock for the operation of
microprocessor.
• CLK (Output): CLK is a clock output for
user, which can be used for other digital ICs.
Its frequency is same at which processor
operates.
Serial I/O Signals
• SID (Input): SID is data line for serial input.
The data on this line is loaded into the
seventh bit of the accumulator when RIM
instruction is executed.
• SOD (Output): SOD is a data line for serial
output. The seventh bit of the
accumulator is output on SOD line when
SIM instruction is executed.
THANK YOU

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