UNIT-3

Introduction to Python Programming

Introduction to Internet of Things 1

Why Python?
 Python is a versatile language which is easy to script and easy to
read.
 It doesn’t support strict rules for syntax.
 Its installation comes with integrated development environment
for programming.
 It supports interfacing with wide ranging hardware platforms.
 With open-source nature, it forms a strong backbone to build large
applications.

Introduction to Internet of Things 2

Python IDE
 Python IDE is a free and open source software that is used to
write codes, integrate several modules and libraries.
 It is available for installation into PC with Windows, Linux and
Mac.
 Examples: Spyder, PyCharm, etc.

Introduction to Internet of Things 3

Starting with
Python
 Simple printing statement at the python interpreter prompt,
>>> print “Hi, Welcome to python!”
Output: Hi, Welcome to python!
 To indicate different blocks of code, it follows rigid indentation.
if True:
print “Correct"
else:
print “Error"

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 Data- types in
Python
There are 5 data types in Python:
 Numbers
x, y, z = 10, 10.2, " Python "

 String
x = ‘This is Python’
print x >>This is Python
print x[0] >>T
print x[2:4] >>is

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Data- types in Python
(contd..)
 List
x = [10, 10.2, 'python']

 Tuple

 Dictionary
d = {1:‘item','k':2}

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Controlling
Statements
 if (cond.):  while (cond.):
statement 1 statement 1
statement 2 statement 2
 x = [1,2,3,4]
elif (cond.):
for i in x:
statement 1
statement 1
statement 2 statement 2
else:
statement 1
statement 2

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Controlling Statements
(contd..)
 Break  Continue
for s in "string": for s in "string":
if s == ‘n': if s == ‘y':
break continue
print (s) print (s)
print print “End”
“End”

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Functions in Python
 Defining a function
 Without return value
def funct_name(arg1, arg2, arg3): # Defining the function
statement 1
statement 2
 With return value
def funct_name(arg1, arg2, arg3): # Defining the function

statement 1
statement 2
return x # Returning the value

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Functions in Python
 Calling a function
def example (str):
print (str + “!”)

example (“Hi”) # Calling the function

Output:: Hi!

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Functions in Python
(contd..)
 Example showing function returning multiple values
def greater(x, y):
if x > y:
return x, y
else:
return
y, x

val = greater(10,
100) print(val)

Output:: (100,10)
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Functions as Objects
 Functions can also be assigned and reassigned to the variables.
 Example:
def add (a,b)
return a+b

print (add(4,6))
c = add(4,6)
print c

Output:: 10 10
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Variable Scope in Python
Global variables:
These are the variables declared out of any function , but can be
accessed inside as well as outside the function.

Local variables:
These are the ones that are declared inside a function.

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Example showing Global Variable
g_var = 10

def example():
l_var = 100
print(g_var)

example() # calling the function

Output:: 10
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Example showing Variable Scope
var = 10

def example():
var = 100
print(var)

example() # calling the function

print(var)

Output:: 100
10
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Modules in Python
 Any segment of code fulfilling a particular task that can be
used commonly by everyone is termed as a module.

 Syntax:
import module_name #At the top of the code

using module_name.var #To access functions and values

with ‘var’ in the module

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Modules in Python
(contd..)
 Example:
import random

for i in range(1,10):
val = random.randint(1,10)
print (val)

Output:: varies with each execution

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Modules in Python
(contd..)
 We can also access only a particular function from a module.

 Example:
from math import pi

print (pi)

Output:: 3.14159

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Exception Handling in
Python
 An error that is generated during execution of a program, is
termed as exception.
 Syntax:
try:
statements
except _Exception_:
statement
s else:
statemen
ts
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Exception Handling in Python
(contd..)
 Example:
while True:
try:
n = input ("Please enter an integer: ")
n = int (n)
break
except ValueError:
print
"No valid
integer! "
print “It is an
integer!"
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Example Code: to check number is prime or
not
x = int (input("Enter a number: "))
def prime (num):
if num > 1:
for i in
range(2,num):
if (num % i)
== 0:
print (num,"is not a prime number")
print (i,“is a factor of”,num)
break
else:
print(num,"is a prime number")
else:
print(num,"is not a prime number")
prime (x)
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File Read Write
Operations
 Python allows you to read and write files
 No separate module or library required
 Three basic steps
 Open a file
 Read/Write
 Close the file

Introduction to Internet of Things 2

File Read Write Operations
(contd..)
Opening a File:
 Open() function is used to open a file, returns a file object
open(file_name, mode)
 Mode: Four basic modes to open a file
r: read mode
w: write mode
a: append mode
r+: both read
and write mode
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File Read Write Operations
(contd..)
Read from a file:
 read(): Reads from a file
file=open(‘data.txt’, ‘r’)
file.read()
Write to a file:
 Write(): Writes to a file
file=open(‘data.txt’, ‘w’)
file.write(‘writing to the file’)

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File Read Write Operations
(contd..)
Closing a file:
 Close(): This is done to ensure that the file is free to use for other resources
file.close()

Using WITH to open a file:

 Good practice to handle exception while file read/write operation
 Ensures the file is closed after the operation is completed, even if an exception is
encountered

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File Read Write Operations code +
image
with open("PythonProgram.txt","w") as file:
file.write("Writing data")
file.close()

with open("PythonProgram.txt","r") as file:

f=file.read()
print('Reading from the file\n')
print (f)
file.close()

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File Read Write Operations
(contd..)
Comma Separated Values Files
 CSV module supported for CSV files

Read: Write:

with open(file, "r") as csv_file: data = ["1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9".split(",")]

reader = csv.reader(csv_file) file = "output.csv"
print("Reading from the CSV File\n") with open(file, "w") as csv_file:
for row in reader: writer = csv.writer(csv_file, delimiter=',')
print(" ".join(row)) print("Writing CSV")
csv_file.close() for line in data:
writer.writerow(line)
csv_file.close()

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File Read Write Operations
(contd..)

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Image Read/Write
Operations
 Python supports PIL library for image related operations
 Install PIL through PIP

sudo pip install pillow

PIL is supported till python version 2.7. Pillow supports the 3x version of
python.

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Image Read/Write
Operations
Reading Image in Python:
 PIL: Python Image Library is used to work with image files

from PIL import Image

 Open an image file

image=Image.open(image_name)

 Display the image

image.show()

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Image Read/Write Operations
(contd..)
Resize(): Resizes the image to the specified size
image.resize(255,255)

Rotate(): Rotates the image to the specified degrees, counter clockwise

image.rotate(90)

Format: Gives the format of the image

Size: Gives a tuple with 2 values as width and height of the image, in pixels
Mode: Gives the band of the image, ‘L’ for grey scale, ‘RGB’ for true colour image

print(image.format, image.size, image.mode)

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Image Read/Write Operations
(contd..)
Convert image to different mode:
 Any image can be converted from one mode to ‘L’ or ‘RGB’
mode
conv_image=image.convert(‘L’)
 Conversion between modes other that ‘L’ and ‘RGB’ needs
conversion into any of these 2 intermediate mode

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Output
Converting a sample image to Grey Scale

Introduction to Internet of Things 13

Outpu
t

Introduction to Internet of Things 14

Networking in
Python
 Python provides network services for client server model.

 Socket support in the operating system allows to implement clients

and servers for both connection-oriented and connectionless
protocols.

 Python has libraries that provide higher-level access to specific

application-level network protocols.

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Networking in Python
(contd..)
 Syntax for creating a socket:
s = socket.socket (socket_family, socket_type, protocol=0)

socket_family − AF_UNIX or AF_INET

socket_type − SOCK_STREAM or SOCK_DGRAM

protocol − default ‘0’.

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Example - simple
server
 The socket waits until a client connects to the port, and then returns a
connection object that represents the connection to that client.
import socket
import sys

# Create a
TCP/IP socket
sock =
socket.socket(
socket.AF_IN
ET,
socket.SOCK_
STREAM)
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# Bind the socket to the port

Example - simple server
(contd..)
# Listen for incoming connections
sock.listen(1)

connection, client_address = sock.accept()

#Receive command
data = connection.recv(1024)
print(data)
sock.close()

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Example - simple
client
import socket
import sys

# Create a
TCP/IP socket
client_socket
=
socket.socket(
socket.AF_IN
ET,
socket.SOCK_
STREAM)

#Connect to Listener socket

Introduction to Internet of Things 19

client_socket.connect(("10.14.88.82", 2017))
Code Snapshot

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Outpu
t

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Introduction to Raspberry Pi

1
Introduction to Internet of
What is Raspberry
Pi?

• Computer in your palm.

• Single-board computer.
• Low cost.
• Easy to access.

2
Introduction to Internet of
 Variants and Specifications of
Raspberry Pi
Key features Raspberry pi 3 model B Raspberry pi 2 Raspberry Pi zero
model B
RAM 1GB SDRAM 1GB SDRAM 512 MB SDRAM
CPU Quad cortex [email protected] Quad cortex ARM 11@ 1GHz
A53@900MHz
GPU 400 MHz video core IV 250 MHz video core IV 250 MHz video core IV
Ethernet 10/100 10/100 None
Wireless 802.11/Bluetooth 4.0 None None
Video output HDMI/Composite HDMI/Composite HDMI/Composite
GPIO 40 40 40

3
Introduction to Internet of
Basic Architecture

RAM

I/O CPU/GPU USB HUB

ETHERNET USB

4
Introduction to Internet of
Raspberry Pi

Introduction to Internet of Things 5

Start up raspberry
pi

Introduction to Internet of
Raspberry Pi GPIO

• Act as both digital output and digital input.

• Output: turn a GPIO pin high or low.

• Input: detect a GPIO pin high or low.

Introduction to Internet of Things 7

 Raspberry Pi pin configuration

Source: Raspberry Pi PCB Pin Overview, Wikimedia Commons (Online) Source: Raspberry Pi GPIO, Wikimedia Commons (Online)
Basic Set up for Raspberry
Pi
• HDMI cable.
• Monitor.
• Key board.
• Mouse.
• 5volt power adapter for raspberry pi.
• LAN cable .
• Min- 2GB micro sd card
Basic Set up for Raspberry
Pi
Operating
System
Official Supported OS :
• Raspbian
• NOOBS

Some of the third party OS :

• UBUNTU mate
• Snappy Ubuntu core
• Windows 10 core
• Pinet
• Risc OS

Source: Downloads, Raspberry Pi Foundation

Raspberry Pi
Setup
Download Raspbian:
• Download latest Raspbian image from raspberry pi official site:
https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/

• Unzip the file and end up with an .img file.

Raspberry Pi OS Setup

Write Raspbian in SD card :

• Install “Win32 Disk Imager” software in windows machine .
• Run Win32 Disk Imager
• Plug SD card into your PC
• Select the “Device”
• Browse the “Image File”(Raspbian image)
• Write
Raspberry Pi OS Setup
Basic Initial Configuration

Enable SSH
Step1 : Open command prompt and type sudo raspi-config and press enter.

Step2: Navigate to SSH in the Advance option.

Step3: Enable SSH

Basic Initial Configuration
Basic Initial Configuration
contd.
Expand file system :
Step 1: Open command prompt and type sudo raspi-config and press enter.

Step 2: Navigate to Expand Filesystem

Step 3: Press enter to expand it.

Basic Initial Configuration
contd.
Programming

Default installed :
• Python
•C
• C++
• Java
• Scratch
• Ruby
Note : Any language that will compile for ARMv6 can be used with raspberry pi.

Source: Programming languages for Raspberry Pi, eProseed, Lonneke Dikmans, August 07, 2015
Popular Applications
• Media streamer
• Home automation
• Controlling BOT
• VPN
• Light weight web server for IOT
• Tablet computer
Topics Covered
 Using GPIO pins
 Taking pictures using PiCam

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Blinking LED
 Requirement:
 Raspberry pi
 LED
 100 ohm resistor
 Bread board
 Jumper cables

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Blinking LED
(contd..)
Installing GPIO library:
 Open terminal
 Enter the command “sudo apt-get install python-dev” to install python
development
 Enter the command “sudo apt-get install python-rpi.gpio” to install
GPIO library.

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Blinking LED
(contd..)
Connection:
 Connect the negative terminal of
the LED to the ground pin of Pi
 Connect the positive terminal of
the LED to the output pin of Pi

Introduction to Internet of Things 5

Blinking LED
(contd..)
Basic python coding:

 Open terminal enter the command

sudo nano filename.py
 This will open the nano editor where you can write your code
 Ctrl+O : Writes the code to the file
 Ctrl+X : Exits the editor

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Blinking LED
(contd..)
Code: #GPIO library
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import time # Set the type of board for pin numbering
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD)# Set GPIO pin 11as output pin
GPIO.setup(11, GPIO.OUT)
# Turn on GPIO pin 11
 for i in range (0,5):
GPIO.output(11,True)
time.sleep(1)
GPIO.output(11,False)
time.sleep(2)
GPIO.output(11,True)
GPIO.cleanup()
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Blinking LED
(contd..)

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Blinking LED
(contd..)
The LED blinks in a loop with delay
of 1 and 2 seconds.

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 Capture Image using Raspberry
Pi

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Requiremen
t
 Raspberry Pi
 Raspberry Pi Camera

Introduction to Internet of Things 11

Raspberry Pi
Camera
 Raspberry Pi specific camera
module
 Dedicated CSI slot in Pi for
connection
 The cable slot is placed
between Ethernet port and
HDMI port

Introduction to Internet of Things 12

Connection
Boot the Pi once the camera is connected to Pi

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Configuring Pi for
Camera
 In the terminal run the command “sudo raspi-config” and press
enter.
 Navigate to “Interfacing Options” option and press enter.
 Navigate to “Camera” option.
 Enable the camera.
 Reboot Raspberry pi.

Introduction to Internet of Things 14

Configuring Pi for Camera
(contd..)

Introduction to Internet of Things 15

Capture
Image
 Open terminal and enter the command-

raspistill -o image.jpg

 This will store the image as ‘image.jpg’

Introduction to Internet of Things 16

Capture Image
(contd..)
PiCam can also be processed using Python camera module python-picamera

sudo apt-get install python-picamera

Python Code:
Import picamera
camera = picamera.PiCamera()
camera.capture('image.jpg')
Source: PYTHON PICAMERA, Raspberry Pi Foundation

Introduction to Internet of Things 17

Capture Image
(contd..)

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 Implementation of IoT with Raspberry Pi

Introduction to Internet of Things 1

IO
T
Internet Of Things
 Creating an interactive environment
 Network of devices connected
together

Introduction to Internet of Things 2

Senso
r
 Electronic element
 Converts physical quantity into electrical signals
 Can be analog or digital

Introduction to Internet of Things 3

Actuator
 Mechanical/Electro-mechanical device
 Converts energy into motion
 Mainly used to provide controlled motion to other
components

Introduction to Internet of Things 4

System
Overview
 Sensor and actuator interfaced with Raspberry Pi
 Read data from the sensor
 Control the actuator according to the reading from the
sensor
 Connect the actuator to a device

Introduction to Internet of Things 5

System Overview
(contd..)
Requirements
 DHT Sensor
 4.7K ohm resistor
 Relay
 Jumper wires
 Raspberry Pi
 Mini fan

Introduction to Internet of Things 6

DHT Sensor
 Digital Humidity and
Temperature Sensor (DHT)
 PIN 1, 2, 3, 4 (from left to
right)
 PIN 1- 3.3V-5V Power
supply
 PIN 2- Data
 PIN 3- Null
 PIN 4- Ground

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Relay

 Mechanical/electromechanical
switch
 3 output terminals (left to
right)
 NO (normal open):
 Common
 NC (normal close)

Introduction to Internet of Things 8

Temperature Dependent Auto Cooling
System
Sensor interface with Raspberry Pi

 Connect pin 1 of DHT sensor to the

3.3V pin of Raspberry Pi
 Connect pin 2 of DHT sensor to any
input pins of Raspberry Pi, here we
have used pin 11
 Connect pin 4 of DHT sensor to the
ground pin of the Raspberry Pi

Introduction to Internet of Things 9

Temperature Dependent Auto Cooling
System (contd..)
Relay interface with Raspberry Pi

 Connect the VCC pin of relay to the 5V

supply pin of Raspberry Pi
 Connect the GND (ground) pin of relay
to the ground pin of Raspberry Pi
 Connect the input/signal pin of Relay to
the assigned output pin of Raspberry Pi
(Here we have used pin 7)

Introduction to Internet of Things 10

 Temperature Dependent Auto Cooling
System (contd..)
Adafruit provides a library to work with the DHT22 sensor
 Install the library in your Pi-
 Get the clone from GIT
git clone
https://github.com/
adafruit/Adafruit_Py
thon_DHT.g...
 Go to folder
Adafruit_Python_DHT
Source: ADAFRUIT DHTXX SENSORS, Lady Ada, 2012-07-29
cd
Adafruit_Python_D
Introduction to Internet of Things 11

HT
Program: DHT22 with
Pi
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
from time import sleep
import Adafruit_DHT #importing the Adafruit library

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD)
GPIO.setwarnings(False)
sensor = Adafruit_DHT.AM2302 # create an instance of the sensor type
print (‘Getting data from the sensor’)
#humidity and temperature are 2 variables that store the values received from the sensor

humidity, temperature = Adafruit_DHT.read_retry(sensor,17)

print ('Temp={0:0.1f}*C humidity={1:0.1f}%'.format(temperature, humidity))

Introduction to Internet of Things 12

Program: DHT22 interfaced with Raspberry
Pi
Code Output

Introduction to Internet of Things 13

Connection: Relay
 Connect the relay pins with the Raspberry Pi as mentioned in previous slides

 Set the GPIO pin connected with the relay’s input pin as output in the sketch
GPIO.setup(13,GPIO.OUT)

 Set the relay pin high when the temperature is greater than 30
if temperature > 30:
GPIO.output(13,0) # Relay is active low
print(‘Relay is on')
sleep(5)
GPIO.output(13,1) # Relay is turned off
after delay of 5 seconds

Introduction to Internet of Things 14

Connection: Relay
(contd..)

Introduction to Internet of Things 15

Connection: Fan
 Connect the Li-po battery in series with the fan
 NO terminal of the relay -> positive
terminal of the Fan.
 Common terminal of the relay -> Positive terminal of
the battery
 Negative terminal of the battery -> Negative terminal
of the fan.
 Run the existing code. The fan should operate when the
surrounding temperature is greater than the threshold value
in the sketch

Introduction to Internet of Things 16

Connection: Fan (contd..)

Introduction to Internet of Things 17

Result
The fan is switched on whenever
the temperature is above the
threshold value set in the code.

Notice the relay indicator turned

on.

18