United International university

Course Title: History of the Emergence of Bangladesh

Course Code: BDS 1201

This lecture includes-

Profile of Bangladesh: (Introducing Bangladesh)
 Location
 Territory
 Area
 People
 Resources
 Administrative units
 Structures of govt etc.

Presented By
NISHAT AWAL
Lecturer
Department of CSE
United International
University
Bangladesh: Geography,
Demography & Cultural
Traits
 Country Profile
Official name : People’s Republic of Bangladesh
Location : South Asia
Capital city : Dhaka
Nationality : Bangladeshi
Currency : Taka
Area : 148,570 sq.km
State : Bangla
language
Date of Independence : March 26, 1971
Per Capita Income : US$ 2624-2846
Bangladesh Anthem : Amar Shonar Bangla
National Animal : Royal Bengal Tiger
National Bird : Oriental Magpie Robin
National Fish : Hilsa
National Flower : White Water Lily
National Fruit : Jackfruit
National Tree : Mango Tree
Geography of
Bangladesh
Geography of
Bangladesh LOCATION
Bangladesh is a South-Asian
small country.
It is situated from 20º34″ north
latitude to 26˚38˝ north latitude
and from 88˚01˝ east longitude to
92˚41˝ east longitude .

International Boundary : 5138 km

Border with India : 4156 km
Border with Myanmar : 271 km
Coastline : 711 km
Geography of
Bangladesh BOUNDARY &
BORDER
Border: West Bengal (India) on the
west; West Bengal, Assam and
Meghalaya (all the Indian states) on
the north; Indian states of Assam,
Tripura and Mizoram together with
Myanmar on the east; and Bay of
Bengal on the south.

Maritime boundary: The political Sea

line of Bangladesh is about 12
nautical miles and the exclusive
economic zone of the country is 200
nautical miles. Bangladesh reclaimed
19,467square kilometres out of 25,602
sq km disputed area in the Bay of
Bengal.
Geography of Bangladesh
TOPOGRAPHY
Topography is a configuration of a land
surface. There are three typical natural
features in Bangladesh.
 A broad deltaic plain subject to frequent
flooding.
 A slightly elevated relatively older plain
 A small hill region specially in
Chittagong hills in southeast and low
hills in northeast.

Bangladesh is also the largest delta of the

world. The delta plain of the Ganges
(Padma), Brahmaputra (Jamuna), and
Meghna Rivers and their tributaries occupy
79 percent of the country.
Geography of
Bangladesh
RIVERS OF
BANGLADESH
Bangladesh is a riverine country. About
700 rivers flow through the country. Most
of the country's land is formed through
mud brought by the rivers. These rivers
play a significant role in the economic
growth of the country.

The system of rivers can be divided into

five major networks as follows :
 Brahmaputra-Jamuna river system
 Ganges-Padma river system
 Surma-Meghna river system
 Tista river System
 Karnafuli river system
Geography of
Bangladesh NATURAL
RESOURCES
Bangladesh is not so rich in mineral
resources. The principal energy
resources are:
Natural gas: It is found in several
small fields in the northeastern part.
There are 26 discovered gas fields in
Bangladesh. Bangladesh is the 7th
largest gas producer of Asia.
Coal: There are five coalfields in
Bangladesh.
Apart from those petroleum, timber and
our natural resources provide energy for
consumption domestically and
industrially. Limestone, pottery clays,
hard rock, construction sand, glass
sand are also found in Bangladesh.
 Mineral
Bangladesh hasResources
a modest deposit of minerals, including:
• Coal - Bangladesh has coal reserves in the northwestern part of the
country, including in the Phulbari region.

• Natural gas - Bangladesh has large reserves of natural gas, particularly

in the offshore fields in the Bay of Bengal.

• Limestone - Bangladesh has abundant deposits of high-quality

limestone, which is used for the production of cement.

• Hard rock - Bangladesh has deposits of hard rock, including granite,

marble, and sandstone, which are used for construction purposes.

• Glass sand - Bangladesh has deposits of high-quality silica sand, which

is used in the production of glass.

• Clay - Bangladesh has deposits of various types of clay, including brick

clay, China clay, and kaolin, which are used in the production of ceramics
and refractories.
 Natural Resources of
Bangladesh
Bangladesh is rich in natural resources, including:
• Agricultural land - Bangladesh is an agricultural country and its fertile
soil is ideal for cultivating various crops, including rice, jute, tea, wheat,
sugarcane, and pulses.

• Water resources - Bangladesh has numerous rivers and lakes, making

it an important source of water for agriculture, industry, and domestic
use.

• Forest resources - Bangladesh is home to a rich and diverse forest

ecosystem, including the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the
world.

• Mineral resources - Bangladesh has a modest deposit of minerals,

including coal, natural gas, limestone, and hard rock.

• Fisheries - Bangladesh has a long coastline and numerous waterways,

making it an important centre for the fishing industry.
 Geography of Bangladesh
CLIMATE
Straddling the Tropic of Cancer, Bangladesh
has a tropical monsoon climate characterized
by heavy seasonal rainfall, high temperatures,
and high humidity. It is the area of Sub-
tropical monsoon. Mild winter (October
March); hot, humid & summer (March to
June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to to
October).
In general, highest summer temperatures
range between 30° to 40°C and April is the
Bangladesh is subject to warmest month. January is the coldest month,
devastating cyclones, originating when average temperature is about 10°C.
over the Bay of Bengal, in the There are six seasons: summer, rainy,
periods of April to May and autumn, late autumn, winter and spring. For
September to November. Floods practical purposes, three seasons are
also occur in rainy season. distinguishable: summer, rainy, and winter.
Population Pyramid
 Demography of
Bangladesh
Total Population: 16.5 crore (2022 census)
16.17 crore (2016-17)
Population Growth Rate: 1.22%
Ethnic Groups: Highly homogenous as the vast
majority (about 98.5%) of Bangladeshis are of the
Bengali ethno- linguistic group. Bengalis are an
Indo-Aryan ethnic group native to the region of Bengal.
Languages: Over 98% people speak the Bengali
language. Bangla is the official and state language of the
country. English widely used by educated elite. Arabic
used in many Muslim homes. Various tribal languages
and regional languages used in local level.
Health: Life expectancy almost equal for male and
female, average 73.7 years (male-70.8 & female 74.2).
Religions: The main religion is Islam (91.04%), but a
significant percentage of the population adheres
to Hinduism (7.95%). Buddhists (0.61%), Christians (0.3%),
and others (0.1%). 10
Demography of Bangladesh
Age Structure & Labor force: The total labor
force of Bangladesh is 73.75 million (2024).
Since 2007 Bangladesh has had more
people of working age than non-working,
known as demographic dividend.
Bangladesh got the window of demographic
dividend but we have to transform it into
economic dividend. Demographic dividend
usually continues for 30 to 35 years. It usually
comes once for a country.
Graduating from the Least Developed Countries (LDC)

Bangladesh is scheduled to graduate

from the Least Developed Countries
(LDC) category and become a
developing country on November 24,
2026. This graduation is a source of
national pride, as it demonstrates the
country's economic progress, including
improved income levels, reduced
poverty, and higher living standards
Women empowerment in
BD
 Top Export Products of
Bangladesh
Product Total Export in %
Readymade Garments 83.4
Jute and Jute Manufacture 3.6

Fish, Shrimps, and Prawns 1.4

Leather and Leather Manufactures 1.8

Home Textile 1.7

Vegetable Products 0.7
Pharmaceutical Products 0.4

Plastic and Plastic Products 0.3

Bicycle 0.3
Terry Towel 0.1
 Structure of the Government
The Republic comprises three basic
organs :

(1) The legislature

(2) The judiciary
(3) The Executive

Members of the parliament are elected by

democratic voting system.

Democratic election is held for electing

government in every 5 years.
Administration System of Banglade
Identity
The citizens of Bangladesh
are called Bangladeshis.
Bengali is an ethnicity;
Bangladeshis are the people
who live in Bangladesh.
Bengali can be both Indian
and Bangladeshi, but a
Bangladeshi can't be an
Indian.
 আদিবাসী Vs উপজাতি
আদিবাসীর সংজ্ঞা বাংলাদেশের উপজাতিদের
বাংলাদেশে আগমনের ইতিহাস
১. সমাজতাত্ত্বিকভাবে আমরা জানি। তারা তিব্বত,
আদিবাসী বলতে তাদেরকেই লুসাই পাহাড়, মঙ্গোলীয়
বোঝায় যারা প্রাগ- বংশোদ্ভূত চিন, কাচিন,
ঐতিহাসিককাল থেকে রাখাইন, আরাকান ও মিয়ানমার
নির্দিষ্ট অঞ্চলের বা বার্মা থেকে বিতাড়িত
বাসিন্দ বা ভূমিজ সন্তান। হয়ে বাংলাদেশে বসতি
অর্থাৎ যারা নির্দিষ্ট স্থাপন করেছিল ১৭০০ সালের
জনপদের সৃষ্টিলগ্ন থেকে পরে। ঐতিহাসিকভাবে
সেই জনপদের বাসিন্দা এবং প্রমাণিত পার্বত্য জেলার
যারা আদিম সংস্কৃতির ধারক ক্ষুদ্র নৃগোষ্ঠীরা
এবং বাহক। আদিম সংস্কৃতির মঙ্গোলয়েড জনগোষ্ঠীর
কোনো কিছু তারা ত্যাগ অন্তর্ভুক্ত। ঐতিহাসিক
করেনি। আদিবাসীদের কাছে দলিল-দস্তাবেজ, উপজাতীয়
সভ্যতার আলোকবর্তিকা লেখকদের নিজস্ব গ্রন্থ
পৌঁছায়নি এবং তারা পর্যালোচনায় প্রমাণিত যে
অনগ্রসর এবং পশ্চাৎপদ। চাকমা, মারমা, ত্রিপুরাসহ
সব নৃগোষ্ঠী আরাকান,
ত্রিপুরা, মিজোরাম
ইত্যাদি অঞ্চল থেকে
 Culture & Tradition
 Culture is what we are. It is the
expression of our modes of living
thinking, relationships, language,
literature, religion, recreation.
 Tradition a belief
passed
is down or
society with symbolic meaningbehavior
special significance within
with origins
a in
the past. group or
or
 Norms are informal understandings
that govern the behavior of members
of a society.

 Values are assumptions of what is

right and important.
 Culture of
Bangladesh
The cultural background of Bangladesh
is diverse. The original inhabitants of
this area were pre-Aryan. Afterwards,
they were influenced by Aryan thoughts.
Again this culture is influenced by the
ingredients of Muslim culture of Turkey,
Arab, Iran and Middle-Asia. Lastly, with
the arrival of the Europeans especially
the British, a different cultural trend was
set. Thus the melting pot of our culture
gradually developed with the essence of
different cultures.
Our culture is manifested in various
forms, including music, dance, and
drama; art and craft; folklore; languages
and literature; philosophy and religion;
festivals and celebrations; as well as in
a distinct cuisine and culinary tradition.
Festivals of
Bangladesh Cultural Festivals
Festivals and celebrations are an integral
part of the culture of Bangladesh. Festivals
have always played a significant role in the
life of the people of Bangladesh. Muslim
peoples are observed Eid-e-Miladunnabi,
Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Azha, Muharram etc.
Hindus observe Durga Puja, Saraswati
Puja, Kali Puja etc and Christmas or
Baradin is observed by Christians.

There are some common & secular festivals

like the Pahela Baisakh (the first day of
Bangla year), the Independence Day (26th
March), the International Mother Language
Day (21st February), The Victory Day (16th
December), Rabindra & Nazrul Jayanti etc.
which are observed countrywide by all
Bangladeshis.
 Cultural Changes
GLOBALIZATIONAL
IMPACT ON BENGALI
CULTURE
 Advancement of satellite
channels
 Music: switching to
western &
 Increasing popularity of internet Indian pop rock fusion songs
 Cultural conflicts  Dance: Foreign dance forms are
 Degrading value structure  getting
Movies: morenew popular have
than
 Lack of understanding of own culture traditional
movies dances
Bollywood, touch.
 Lack of respect to own culture Hollywood
Theatre dramas are getting rare.
 Identity crisis
 Festivals: day,
Valentines' friendship western
 Tendency to imitate foreign culture
festivals are getting
day etc. popular.
 Lack of cultural organization  Dresses: western dresses are
 Irregular cultural events more preferred than traditional
 Impact of globalization dresses especially by the young
generation.
Text Book

রমেশচন্দ্র মজুমদার (২০২১) বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস -১ম

খন্ড (প্রাচীন যুগ)
মোহাম্মদ হাবিবুর রহমান গঙ্গাঋদ্ধি থেকে বাংলাদেশ
মোনতাসীর মামুন(২০১৩), স্বাধীন বাংলাদেশের অভ্যুদয়ের
ইতিহাস

Online Resources-Banglapedia

Reference-Ramesh Chandra Majumdar(Ed.) (1943).The History of Bengal-

Volume 1.[University of Dacca, Dacca]
Sirajul Islam(Ed.) (1997), History of Bangladesh,1704-1971. [Asiatic Society o
Bangladesh, Dhaka]
Ahmed,Sufia(1996). Bangladesh Studies [The University Press]
THANK
YOU