Mr. Ron P.

Agaloos
◤

Pre - Activity
Review on previous topics!

MAT 3 – STATISTICS & PROBABILITY Math & Physics Department

 Challenge Question!

Mr. Ron P. Agaloos

◤ The Center for Guidance and Services conducted an IQ test
among freshmen students and obtained a mean of 100 with standard
deviation of 15. What would be the probability that a randomly chosen
selected 20 students will have a mean IQ of higher than 105?

Given:
µ = 100
σ = 15
n = 20
x = 105
P(z>0.33) = 0.5 - 0.1293
P(>105) = ?
= 0.3707
Interpretation:
20 randomly selected students has the probability of 37.07% with a
mean IQ higher than 105.
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
Parameter and Statistic
◤

Parameter – is the measurement or quantity that describes the

population

Statistic - is the measurement or quantity that describes the

sample
FORMULA

Mr. Ron P. Agaloos

◤ S
Populatio Sample
n
 Parameter

Mr. Ron P. Agaloos

Scenario Problem #
◤
Below1are scores in Statistics of 10 students during the first
Performance Task. Compute the population mean, population variance, and population
standard deviation.
24 23 18 19 15 25
9 11 14 17
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
In a group of Senior High School students the sample height
were
◤ gathered from 50 randomly selected Grade 11 students.

1) Do you think the mean of this random sample from Grade 11 students
to be exact is equal with the population mean of 153 centimeters?

2) If the sample mean is greater than 153 centimeters, does it mean that
selected Grade11 students are taller than the rest of the enrolled Grade
11 students?

First Question: refers to estimation

Second Question: deals with hypothesis testing
 ◤

ESTIMATION OF
PARAMETERS

MAT 3 – STATISTICS & PROBABILITY Math & Physics Department

 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
Learning Objectives

1. Identify parameters to be tested

2. Understand the concept of estimation
3. Differentiate between point estimate and interval estimate
4. Construct the Confidence Interval

MAT 3 – STATISTICS & PROBABILITY Math & Physics Department

 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
Theory of Statistical Inference
◤

A process by which conclusions about parameters in the

population are made based on sample data. Use the
information in the sample data to make better understanding
and increase the knowledge of the given sample population.

1) Estimation of population parameter

2) Hypothesis testing
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
◤

Identify PARAMETERS
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
Different symbols are used to denote parameters
◤
 Identifying Parameter to be Tested

Mr. Ron P. Agaloos

◤

Examples:
1. The average height of Filipinos 18 years and older is 162 cm for males.

𝝁 =162
Parameter: the average height of male Filipinos 18 years and older is 162 cm
Symbol:

2. Records of the Department of Health (DOH) revealed that 15.75% of the country’s
Filipino smokers have maintained their habit of smoking.
Parameter: proportion of 15.75% of the country’s Filipino smokers maintain their

p = 0.𝟏575
smoking habits
Symbol:
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
◤

CONCEPT
OF ESTIMATION
Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
ESTIMATION
◤
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
Two forms of ESTIMATION
◤

2) Interval Estimate – is a range of values that may contain the

parameter of a population. Interval estimation involves certain
level
of confidence.
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
Desirable properties of Estimator
◤

- Unbiasedness
- Efficiency
- Consistency
- Sufficiency

Example:
An estimator is said to be unbiased if its expected value is equal to
the population parameter it estimates.
The mean of any single sample will probably not equal the
population mean, but the average of the means of repeated
independent samples from a population will equal the population
mean.
◤
◤
◤
Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
POINT ESTIMATE
◤
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
POINT ESTIMATE
◤

Note:
- It is a value which corresponds to sample statistic.
- Point estimate varies from sample to sample.
- The population standard deviation is given in making inferences about the
population mean.
- The quality of estimation is enriched if it has a good variability or unbiased.
- The variability of statistic is measured by the standard error of its sampling
distribution.
 Statistic

Mr. Ron P. Agaloos

Scenario Problem #
◤
we randomly
2
From the previous data (Scenario Problem # 1) of the population, suppose that
select only 5 data out of 10 data in the population. Compute the sample
mean, sample variance, and sample standard deviation:

24 23 18 19 15 25
9 11 14 17
 Statistic

Mr. Ron P. Agaloos

Scenario Problem #
out of ◤
2 50 students took a 600-item Placement Test. The scores of 10
these students are listed below. Complete the table to find the sample mean,
sample variance and sample standard deviation of the scores. (Express the values up to
two decimal places)

Interpretation:
 Statistic

Mr. Ron P. Agaloos

Scenario Problem #
out of ◤
2 50 students took a 600-item Placement Test. The scores of 10
these students are listed below. Complete the table to find the sample mean,
sample variance and sample standard deviation of the scores. (Express the values up to
two decimal places)

Interpretation:
On the average, the sample mean is
57.98 away from the mean of the ten
values.
Mr.
Mr.Ron
RonP.
P.Agaloos
Agaloos
Post - Activity
◤
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
TRUE
◤
or FALSE
If the sample size decreases then the standard
deviation of the sample mean increases.

TRUE
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
TRUE
◤
or FALSE
If the population distribution deviates largely
from normality then larger samples will be
needed to approximate normality.

TRUE
Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
F, A, C, E
◤
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
◤

INTERVAL ESTIMATE
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
INTERVAL ESTIMATE
◤
- It consists of range of values within the actual population parameter
Level of Significance (α) - The significance level or alpha level is
would be found. This takes the into account
probability the the
of making fact thatdecision
wrong sample whenresults
the nullwill
vary and therefore it gives an indication
hypothesis is true. of how much variation can be
Common level of significance (ranging from 1% - 10%)
expected. It involves certain level of confidence.
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
INTERVAL ESTIMATE
◤
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
POINT ESTIMATE
◤

INTERVAL ESTIMATE
Examples:
1) In our previous example, the sample universities (in most cases we use more than one
randomly selected sample) are used to determine an interval in which the BMI of all male
university students in the Philippines is likely to lie,
such as 19 < mean BMI < 24.

2) distance is 5.25 ± 0.03 feet (that is between 5.22 – 5.28 feet)

 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
EXAMPLE
The monthly salary of Call Center Agents is reflected below. What is their monthly
◤ income? If Allan was included in the list and earned ₱32,250.00, is he included in
average
the average income bracket?

SOLUTION:
1) POINT ESTIMATE
The average is ₱30,007.14

2) INTERVAL ESTIMATE
Allan’s salary is in the average income bracket because it is closer to the amount
₱30,007.14. However, the level of confidence should be included to determine the
confidence interval.
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
Estimating µ with Confidence
◤
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
◤

Constructing the
CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
CONFIDENCE INTERVAL ESTIMATOR
A group of numbers that specified degree of assurance that allows to
◤
estimate the unknown parameter µ. It also includes margin of error that indicate better
estimation using Z-score.
 Steps in Constructing

Mr. Ron P. Agaloos

the CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
◤
1. Determine the contents of confidence interval;
 Check the assumption
 Find out the formula for probability distributions
 State the level of confidence

2. Write down the sample information.

3. Specify the confidence interval.

 confidence coefficient
 maximum error of estimate
 lower and upper confidence limits

4. Check the result.

The confidence coefficient is the confidence level stated as a proportion, rather than as a
percentage. For example, if you had a confidence level of 99%, the confidence
coefficient would be 0.99. In general, the higher the coefficient, the more certain you are that
your results are accurate.
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
Two Characteristics of
◤
CONFIDENCE INTERVAL

1. Level of Confidence
2. Width or interval

Note:
High level of confidence and precise interval is sufficient enough
since, the higher level of confidence, contains the parameter and narrower the
interval is more precise in making estimation.
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
EXAMPLE:
◤
How does the average Grade 11 student commute to ABC school through public
utility vehicle (PUV), when a random sample of 100 students was obtained? The mean
was 10.22 kilometer wherein most of them traveled 25km and only few are not 25km.
Estimate the mean of commuting students for;
A.) point estimate
B.) a 95% confidence interval with σ = 6 km
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
EXAMPLE:
◤
How does the average Grade 11 student commute to ABC school through public
utility vehicle (PUV), when a random sample of 100 students was obtained? The mean
was 10.22 kilometer wherein most of them traveled 25km and only few are not 25km.
Estimate the mean of commuting students for;

SOLUTION
B.) a 95% confidence interval with σ = 6 km

Step 1
- Assumption for confidence interval
- standard normal Z-distribution used to

- the level of confidence (1 − 𝛼 ) = 0.95

determine the confidence coefficient if σ = 6
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
EXAMPLE:
◤
How does the average Grade 11 student commute to ABC school through public
utility vehicle (PUV), when a random sample of 100 students was obtained? The mean
was 10.22 kilometer wherein most of them traveled 25km and only few are not 25km.
Estimate the mean of commuting students for;
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
EXAMPLE:
◤ How does the average Grade 11
student commute to ABC school through
public utility vehicle (PUV), when a random
sample of 100 students was obtained? The
mean was 10.22 kilometer wherein most of
them traveled 25km and only few are not
25km. Estimate the mean of commuting
students for;
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
EXAMPLE:
◤
How does the average Grade 11 student commute to ABC school through public
utility vehicle (PUV), when a random sample of 100 students was obtained? The mean
was 10.22 kilometer wherein most of them traveled 25km and only few are not 25km.
Estimate the mean of commuting students for;

SOLUTION
B.) a 95% confidence interval with σ = 6
km

Step 4
Therefore, it reveals that 9.04 to 11.04 is
the 95% confidence interval for parameter µ.
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
Identification
◤
What are the 3 common confidence level?

90%, 95%, 99%

 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
Identification
◤
If the researcher uses 5% level of significance
(α), what is the confidence level?

Level of Confidence: 1- α
Level of significance: α = 5%
Hence:
1- α = 1 – 0.05 = 0.95
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
Fill◤in the blank.
Among the three values of central tendency, the best
estimator of the population parameter µ is the _______.

E
 ◤

Synchronous Learning
End Session

MAT 3 – STATISTICS & PROBABILITY

Math & Physics Department
 Mr. Ron P. Agaloos
ASYNCHRONOUS
◤
LEARNING

Advance Reading!
1. Central Limit Theorem

2. Confidence intervals for the population mean when σ is unknown

3. Distinction between z-distribution and a t-distribution

4. Confidence Interval Estimates for Population Proportion

 Thank you
◤

and
have a nice day!
Math & Physics Department