0% found this document useful (0 votes)
3 views64 pages

Gery

Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1/ 64

 THE CONCEPT, IMPORTANCE AND

CATAGORIES OF RESEARCH

BY GIRMA ASFAW
MAY 23/2020 E.C
1. Concepts of research
1.1 What is Research
 Re’ means again, a new, over again.

‘search’ means to examine clearly and carefully, to test and try, to


probe.
 The two words form a noun to describe a careful and systematic
study in some field of knowledge undertaken to establish facts or
principles
 Mechanisms of fact finding
Cont…

 The systematic investigation into and study of materials, sources,


etc, in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
 It is also considered as an endeavour to discover new or collate
old facts by scientific study of a subject or by a course of critical
investigation .
 Systematized effort to gain knowledge
 Research is a process of “ manipulation of things, concepts or
symbols for the purpose of generalizing to extend, correct or
verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in the
construction of theory or in the practice of an art.
Cont…

 Research is a logical and systematic search for new and


useful information on a particular topic.
 Research involves three main stages:
 planning
 data collection
 data analysis
 Research is done with the help of study, experiment,
observation, analysis, comparison and reasoning.
 Research is ubiquitous – in the sense that we became
aware of many social, economical or political problems
through research.
Criteria Of Good Research

1. Purpose should be clearly defined.


2. Research Process (source of data ) should be described in
sufficient detail-except when secrecy is required-This will help
verify, correct and extend knowledge, keeping the continuity of
what has already been achieved.
3. Design (Sampling, questionnaire, observation etc) should be
thoroughly planned so as to yield objective results.
4. High ethical standards -from misusing information , to forcing
respondents to answering questions to animal rights and human
dignity- Dilemma
5. Limitations should be frankly revealed (e-g., flaws in design) so
that the decision maker is made aware.
Cont….

6.Analysis of data should be adequate and methods of analysis


appropriate. Should check for reliability and validity, and
probability of error
7.Unambiguous presentation
8. Conclusions should be confined to those justified by the data of
the research.
The Research Process

 Originates with a question or problem.


 Requires a clear articulation of a goal.
 Follows a specific plan of procedure.
 Usually divides the principal problems into more manageable
sub-problems (hypotheses), which guide the research.
 Accepts certain critical assumptions.
 Requires collection and interpretation of data to answer original
research question.
1.2 Purpose of Research

The purpose of research, can be summarized as follows:


 To review and synthesize existing knowledge,
 To investigate existing situations or problems,
 To provide solutions to a problem,
 To explore and analyze more general issues,
 To construct or create a new procedure or system,
 To explain a new phenomenon or to generate new knowledge
Qualities of good research

1.Good research is systematic: It means that research is


structured with specified steps to be taken in a specified sequence
in accordance with the well defined set of rules.
2. Good research is logical: This implies that research is guided by
the rules of logical reasoning and the logical process of induction
and deduction are of great value in carrying out research.
3. Good research is empirical: It implies that research is related
basically to one or more aspects of a real situation and deals with
concrete data that provides a basis for external validity to research
results.
4. Good research is replicable: This characteristic allows research
results to be verified by replicating the study and thereby building
a sound basis for decisions.
Research comprises

 Defining and redefining the problem


 Formulating hypothesis
 Collecting, organizing and evaluating data
 Making deductions and reaching conclusions
 Carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the
hypothesis
2.THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

10. Reasons Why Research is Important

 Research unlocks the unknowns, lets us to explore the


world from different perspectives and fuels a deeper
understanding. In some areas, research is an essential part
of success.
 In others, it may not be absolutely necessary, but it has
many benefits. Here are ten reasons why research is
important:
1. Research expands your knowledge base
 The most obvious reason to do research is that you’ll learn more.
There’s always more to learn about a topic, even if you are
already well-versed in it. If you aren’t, research allows you to
build on any personal experience you have with the subject. The
process of research opens up new opportunities for learning and
growth.
2. Research gives you the latest information
 Research encourages you to find the most recent information
available. In certain fields, especially scientific ones, there’s
always new information and discoveries being made. Staying
updated prevents you from falling behind and giving info that’s
inaccurate or doesn’t paint the whole picture. With the latest info,
you’ll be better equipped to talk about a subject and build on
ideas.
3. Research helps you know what you’re up
against
 In business, you’ll have competition. Researching your
competitors and what they’re up to helps you formulate your
plans and strategies. You can figure out what sets you apart. In
other types of research, like medicine, your research might
identify diseases, classify symptoms, and come up with ways to
tackle them. Even if your “enemy” isn’t an actual person or
competitor, there’s always some kind of antagonist force or
problem that research can help you deal with.
4. Research builds your credibility
People will take what you have to say more seriously when they
can tell you’re informed. Doing research gives you a solid
foundation on which you can build your ideas and opinions.
5. Research helps you narrow your scope

 When you’re circling a topic for the first time, you might not be
exactly sure where to start. Most of the time, the amount of work
ahead of you is overwhelming. Whether you’re writing a paper or
formulating a business plan, it’s important to narrow the scope at
some point.
6. Research teaches you better discernment
Doing a lot of research helps you sift through low-quality and
high-quality information. The more research you do on a topic, the
better you’ll get at discerning what’s accurate and what’s not.
8. Research helps with problem-solving
Whether it’s a personal or professional problem, it helps to look
outside yourself for help. Depending on what the issue is, your
research can focus on what others have done before.
9. Research helps you reach people
 Research is used to help raise awareness of issues like climate
change, racial discrimination, gender inequality, and more.
Without hard facts, it’s very difficult to prove that climate change
is getting worse or that gender inequality isn’t progressing as
quickly as it should. The public needs to know what the facts are,
so they have a clear idea of what “getting worse” or “not
progressing” actually means. Research also entails going beyond
the raw data and sharing real-life stories that have a more personal
impact on people.
10. Research encourages curiosity

 Having curiosity and a love of learning take you far in life.

Research opens you up to different opinions and new ideas. It also

builds discerning and analytical skills. The research process

rewards curiosity. When you’re committed to learning, you’re

always in a place of growth.


The categories of research based on their aim

 Fundamental and applied research are the two main research


categories. Most research can be defined as fundamental or
applied, depending on the goals/aim of the study.
Fundamental research
 Fundamental, or basic, research is designed to help researchers
better understand certain phenomena in the world; it looks at how
things work. This research attempts to broaden your
understanding and expand scientific theories and explanations.
For example, fundamental research could include a company's
study of how different product placements affect product sales.
This study provides information and is knowledge-based.
Applied research

 Applied research is designed to identify solutions to specific

problems or find answers to specific questions. The research is

meant to offer knowledge that is applicable and implementable.

For instance, applied research may include a study on ways to

increase student involvement in the classroom. This research

focuses on a defined problem and is solution-based.


END
The Cyclical Coaching Process - Planning
Planning the Training Programme
Periodisation - what to do and when to do it

There are three main periods of training:

 Preparation
 Competition
 Transition.
Periodised Training
What is the ‘Training Load’

The ‘Training Load’ is the combination of the Volume and Intensity


of any training
 Volume = Volume
• The quantity of any training
= Intensity
 Intensity
• The quality of any training.
Training Load =
Intensity

The quality of any training - related to the athlete.


Preparation Period

 The first and longest period of training


 Volume of training gradually increases
 The increase in volume is best done in a series of steps rather than
a straight line
 This gives time for the athlete to adapt to the training loads.
Competition and Transition Periods

Competition Period
• Volume gradually reduces and Intensity increases
Transition Period
• “Active rest”.
Summary

 The time available training, the macrocycle, can be divided into


‘periods’ of training
 This gives structure, progression and variety to the training
 There are three main periods of training:
• Preparation
• Competition
• Transition
 Periodisation helps in the long term development of the athlete.
Developing a Planned Approach to Training 3 Planning the Session
and the Training Week

The training year can be divided into ‘periods’ of training


This gives structure, progression and variety to the training
There are three main periods of training:
• Preparation
• Competition
• Transition
Periodisation helps in the long term development of the athlete.
Periodisation - what to do and when to do it

There are three main periods of training:

Preparation
Competition
Transition.
Periodisation - Training Cycles

Macrocycle:
• Preparation, Competition and Transition
• the time available for preparation up to a major goal or
competition

Microcycle:
• shorter training cycle (usually 7 days) sequencing several
training sessions.
The Language of Periodisation
What is the ‘Training Load’
The ‘Training Load’ is the combination of the Volume and Intensity
of any training
Volume
• The quantity of any training
Intensity
• The quality of any training
Planning the Microcycle- Training Loads during the
Training Week

Micro cycle for an inexperienced athlete – Preparation


Period

Micro cycle for an inexperienced athlete – Competition Period.


Planning the Micro cycle- Composition of the Training Loads

Planning the Micro cycle


e.g. for a young or novice athlete of Training Age of less than 4
years.
Planning the Micro cycle - Training Loads during the
Training Week
Planning the Micro cycle - Composition of the Training
Loads
Planning the Training Session
The Training Session
Each training session should contain the following progression:
Warm up
Skills unit
Fitness unit
Cool down.
Warm up

Why?
prepare the athletes mentally and physically for the session or
activity
How?
start slowly, gradually increase in intensity
relevant to the following session/activity
include skilled dynamic mobilisation work - not static stretching
make it fun, variety is key
make it appropriate for the athletes.
Planning a Session
The Training Session

A training session might contain the following units:


• Warm up (always)
• Technical unit (optional)
• Fitness 1 unit (optional)
• Fitness 2 unit (optional)
• Cool down (always)
Or, a different combination of units to produce a specific
training response.
Session Content – Ordering of Units

When an athlete works on two or more units in a session the


athlete should always work on:
• Neuromuscular training
e.g. coordination, technical training, maximal speed,
power, maximum strength
Then:
• Energy production training
e.g. emphasis on aerobic or lactate or ATP-CP energy
systems.
The Load of a Session

The type of loading may be:


– Neuromuscular - CNS or peripheral nervous system
– Structural
– Metabolic
• The intensity of loading must also be given careful
consideration
• The athlete should not be exposed to very high demands
upon their organic systems in successive units
• Each unit is in pursuit of a specific objective and should
vary within a day, and from day to day.
Reasons to Learn Statistical Modeling
 While data scientists are most often tasked with building models
and writing algorithms, analysts also interact with statistical
models in their work on occasion.
 For this reason, analysts who are looking to excel should aim to
obtain a solid understanding of what makes these
models successful.
“As machine learning and artificial intelligence become more
commonplace, more and more companies and organizations are
leveraging statistical modeling in order to make predictions about the
future based off data,” Mello says. “[So] if you work in the area of
data analytics, you need to understand how the underlying models
work…No matter what kind of analysis you are doing or what kind
of data you are working with, you are going to need to use statistical
modeling in some way.”
 The first step in building a statistical model is knowing how to
choose a statistical model. Choosing the best statistical model is
dependent upon several different variables.
Is the purpose of the analysis to answer a very specific question, or
solely to make predictions from a set of variables? How many
explanatory and dependent variables are there? What is the shape of
the relationships between dependent and explanatory variables? How
many parameters will be included in the model? Once these
questions are answered, the appropriate model can be selected.
 Below are some of the benefits that come from having

a thorough understanding of statistical modeling.


1. You will be better equipped to choose the right model for your
needs.
There are many different types of statistical models, and an effective
data analyst needs to have a comprehensive understanding of them
all. In each scenario, you should be able to identify not only which
model will help best answer the question at hand, but also which
model is most appropriate for the data you’re working with.
2. You will be better able to prepare your data for analysis.
Data is rarely ready for analysis in its raw form.
 To ensure your analysis is accurate and viable, the data must first
be cleaned up. This cleanup often includes organizing the
gathered information and removing “bad or incomplete data”
from the sample.
“Before any statistical model can be completed, you need to explore
[and], understand the data,” says Mello. “If there is no quality [in the
data], then you can’t really derive any insights from it.”
Cont…

Once you know how various statistical models work and how they
leverage data, it will become easier for you to determine what data is
most relevant to the question you are trying to answer, as well.
3. You will become a better communicator.
In most organizations, data analysts are required to
communicate their findings with two different audiences. The first
audience consists of those on the business team who don’t need to
understand the details of your analysis, but simply want to know the
key takeaways. The second audience consists of those who are
interested in the more granular details; this group will want both the
list of broad conclusions and an explanation of how you reached
them.
cont.…
Having a thorough understanding of statistical modeling can help
you better communicate with both of these audiences, as you will be
better equipped to reach conclusions and therefore generate better
data visualizations, which are helpful in communicating complex
ideas to non-analysts.
Simultaneously, a complex understanding of how these models work
on the backend will allow you to generate and explain those more
granular details when necessary.
Important Statistical Techniques in Data Analysis

 Those working in this field should thus share a passion for facts
and data, and understand the basics of data manipulation, as well.
Once it comes time to analyze the data, there are an array of
statistical models analysts may choose to utilize.
 According to Mello, most common techniques will fall into the
following two groups:
 Supervised learning, including regression and classification
models.
 Unsupervised learning, including clustering algorithms and
association rules.
Regression Models
Data analysts use regression models to examine relationships
between variables. Regression models are often used by
organizations to determine which independent variables hold the
most influence over dependent variables—information that can be
leveraged to make essential business decisions.
“The most traditional regression models that have been used for a
long time are logistic regression, linear regression, and polynomial
regression,” Mello says. “These are the most common.”
Other examples of regression models can include stepwise
regression, ridge regression, lasso regression, and elastic net
regression.
Classification Models

Classification is a process in which an algorithm is used to analyze


an existing data set of known points. The understanding achieved
through that analysis is then leveraged as a means of appropriately
classifying the data. Classification is a form of machine learning that
can be particularly helpful in analyzing very large, complex sets of
data to help make more accurate predictions.
“Classification models are a form of supervised machine learning
which is often used when the analyst needs to understand how they
got to a certain point,” Mello says. “They give you more than just an
output; [they give you] more information that you can use to explain
the results of the prediction to your boss or stakeholder.”
Cont.
Some of the most common classification models include decision
trees, random forests, nearest neighbor, and Naive Bayes.
There are also the neural networking models that are more used in
AI. “These are very powerful models, and they can make accurate
predictions very well,” Mello says, “but you typically cannot explain
what is happening behind the scenes.”
Digging In Deeper: The unknown process that takes place with this
model can be compared to putting raw dough into one side of a black
box and getting freshly baked bread out the other side. Because you
understand the inputs (dough) and outputs (bread) you can make
certain assumptions about what happened inside the box—the dough
was cooked—but the exact mechanism of how this happened cannot
be known.
Learning Statistical Modeling Techniques

For those who are ready to explore statistical modeling techniques


and advance in your analytics career, earning a
master’s degree in analytics is one of the most efficient ways to gain
these skills. However, not all analytics programs are created equally,
Mello says, so it’s important that professionals are selective when
choosing a program.
To best align your experience in graduate school with your career
goals as an analyst, Mello suggests seeking programs that
incorporate machine learning into the curriculum. As this trend
continues to evolve, more and more organizations are expected to
hire data analysts who understand the underpinnings of these
systems.
 Other considerations to keep in mind when choosing an analytics
program to enroll in include:
Experiential learning opportunities: Does the program offer you
ample opportunities to put your lessons into practice through
real, hands-on situations that can help you build your skills?
Relevant curriculum: As data analytics is a rapidly evolving field,
it’s important that any program you are considering is capable of
keeping up with industry trends.
Industry-sourced faculty: Learning directly from faculty members
who have experience in the industry offers students access to
valuable networking opportunities that can be helpful during the job
search. Learning from industry leaders also allows students to gain
exposure to cutting edge instruction developed directly from real-
world experience.
Statistical Modeling vs Mathematical Modeling
 Much like statistical modeling, mathematical modeling translates
real-world problems into tractable mathematical formulations
whose analysis provides insight, results and direction useful for
the originating application. However, unlike statistical modeling,
mathematical modeling involves static models that represent a
real-world phenomenon in mathematical form.
 Once a mathematical model is formulated, it does not necessitate
change. Statistical models are flexible and, with the aid of
machine learning, can incorporate new, emerging patterns and
Machine Learning vs Statistical Modeling
Machine learning is a subfield of computer science and artificial
intelligence that involves building systems that can learn from data
rather than explicitly programmed instructions. Machine learning
models seek out patterns hidden in data independent of all
assumptions, therefore predictive power is typically very strong.
Statistical Modeling Software
Statistical modeling software are specialized computer programs that
help gather, organize, analyze, interpret and statistically design data.
Cont,…

Advanced statistics software should provide data mining, data


importation, analysis and reporting, automated data modeling and
deployment, data visualization, multi-platform support, prediction
capabilities, and an intuitive user interface with statistical features
ranging from basic tabulations to multilevel models. Statistical
software is available as proprietary, open-source, public domain, and
freeware.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTANTION
Skills of
Communication

SELFTEST

Assessing how you communicate

 I clearly state what I mean ? Y N

 I communicate a consistent message from one day to another ?

Y N

 I check to find out whether my message is well understood ?

Y N

 I control my gestures to lend weight to my message ?

IAAF CECS Level I Coaching Theory 11.2H / 1


Skills of
Communication

IAAF CECS Level I Coaching Theory 11.2H / 2

You might also like