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On Forces 1

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94 views40 pages

On Forces 1

Uploaded by

Marwa Mansour
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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12.

1 Forces

The wind pushes against


the man and his umbrella.
The push from the wind is a
force.
12.1 Forces

What Is a Force?

How do forces affect the motion of an


object?
A force is a push or a pull that acts on an
object.
A force can cause a resting object to move,
or it can accelerate a moving object by
changing the object’s speed or direction.
12.1 Forces

What Is a Force?
Measuring Force
You may have
measured forces
using a spring scale.
The stretch of the
spring in the scale
depends on the
amount of weight (a
type of force) acting
on it.
12.1 Forces

What Is a Force?
Units of Force
One newton (N) is the force that causes a 1-
kilogram mass to accelerate at a rate of 1 meter
per second each second (1 m/s2).
1 N = 1 kg•m/s2
12.1 Forces

What Is a Force?
Representing Force
Arrows can represent
a force. The lengths
of the arrows show
relative amounts of
force.
12.1 Forces

Combining Forces

How do forces affect the motion of an


object?

When the forces on an object are balanced,


the net force is zero, and there is no change
in the object’s motion.

When an unbalanced force acts on an object,


the object accelerates.
12.1 Forces

Combining Forces
The net force is the overall force acting on an object
after all the forces are combined.
• Forces in the same direction add together.
• Forces in opposite directions subtract from one another.
12.1 Forces

Combining Forces
Balanced Forces
Balanced forces are forces that combine to
produce a net force of zero.
An unlimited number of individual forces can act
on an object to produce a net force of zero.
12.1 Forces

Combining Forces
The two groups pull with equal forces in opposite
directions. The forces combine to make a net force
of zero.
12.1 Forces

Combining Forces
Unbalanced Forces
An unbalanced force is a force that results when
the net force acting on an object is not equal to
zero.
12.1 Forces

Combining Forces
Forces can add together or subtract from one
another.
Adding forces
12.1 Forces

Combining Forces
Forces can add together or subtract from one
another.
Adding forces Subtracting forces
12.1 Forces

Combining Forces
Forces can add together or subtract from one
another.
Adding forces Subtracting forces

Equal and opposite forces


12.1 Forces

Friction

What are the four main types of friction?


Friction is a force that opposes the motion of
objects that touch as they move past each
other.
There are four main types of friction: static
friction, sliding friction, rolling friction, and
fluid friction.
12.1 Forces

Friction
Static Friction
Static friction is the friction force that acts on
objects that are not moving.
Static friction always acts in the direction opposite
to that of the applied force.
12.1 Forces

Friction
Sliding Friction
Sliding friction is a force that opposes the
direction of motion of an object as it slides over a
surface.
Sliding friction is less than static friction.
12.1 Forces

Friction
A. Static friction–the potted tree does not move.
B. Sliding friction–when the tree moves, sliding
friction acts to oppose the direction of motion.
12.1 Forces

Friction
Rolling Friction
Rolling friction is the friction force that acts on
rolling objects.
The force of rolling friction is about 100 to 1000
times less than the force of static or sliding friction.
12.1 Forces

Friction
Ball bearings in these wheels greatly reduce
friction by replacing sliding friction with rolling
friction.
12.1 Forces

Friction
Fluid Friction
• Fluid friction opposes the motion of an object
through a fluid.
• Fluid friction acting on an object moving through
the air is known as air resistance.
• Fluid friction increases as the speed of the
object moving through the fluid increases.
12.1 Forces

Gravity

In what direction does Earth’s gravity act?

Earth’s gravity acts downward toward the


center of Earth.
12.1 Forces

Gravity

How do gravity and air resistance affect a


falling object?
Gravity causes objects to accelerate
downward, whereas air resistance acts in the
direction opposite to the motion and reduces
acceleration.
12.1 Forces

Gravity
Gravity is a force that acts between any two
masses.
• Gravity is an attractive force.
• Gravity can act over large distances.
12.1 Forces

Gravity
Earth exerts an attractive,
downward force on this
boulder. The supporting rock
exerts an upward force on the
boulder. The forces are
balanced.
12.1 Forces

Gravity
Falling Objects
• Both gravity and air resistance affect the motion
of a falling object.
• As objects fall to the ground, they accelerate
and gain speed.
• Terminal velocity is the constant velocity of a
falling object when the force of air resistance
equals the force of gravity.
12.1 Forces

Gravity
This flying squirrel takes
advantage of air resistance to
slow its fall and increase the
distance covered in the jump.
12.1 Forces

Projectile Motion

Why does a projectile follow a curved path?

The combination of an initial forward


velocity and the downward vertical force of
gravity causes the ball to follow a curved
path.
12.1 Forces

Projectile Motion
A thrown ball follows a curved path.
Projectile motion is the motion of a falling
object (projectile) after it is given an initial
forward velocity.
Air resistance and gravity are the only forces
acting on a projectile.
12.1 Forces

Projectile Motion
A. Their masses are different, but the blue and
green balls fall at the same rate.
12.1 Forces

Projectile Motion
A. Their masses are different, but the blue and
green balls fall at the same rate.
B. The yellow ball is a projectile, following a
curved path.
12.1 Forces

Assessment Questions

1. If an object is at rest, which of the following


statements must be true?
a. There are no forces acting on the object.
b. There is no friction acting on the object.
c. The forces acting on the object are unbalanced.
d. The net force acting on the object is zero.
12.1 Forces

Assessment Questions

1. If an object is at rest, which of the following


statements must be true?
a. There are no forces acting on the object.
b. There is no friction acting on the object.
c. The forces acting on the object are unbalanced.
d. The net force acting on the object is zero.

ANS: D
12.1 Forces

Assessment Questions

2. Which of the following is not a type of friction?


a. static friction
b. sliding friction
c. fluid friction
d. pull friction
12.1 Forces

Assessment Questions

2. Which of the following is not a type of friction?


a. static friction
b. sliding friction
c. fluid friction
d. pull friction

ANS: D
12.1 Forces

Assessment Questions

3. In which direction does Earth’s gravitational force


act?
a. opposite the direction of motion
b. downward toward the center of Earth
c. upward away from the center of Earth
d. in the direction of motion
12.1 Forces

Assessment Questions

3. In which direction does Earth’s gravitational force


act?
a. opposite the direction of motion
b. downward toward the center of Earth
c. upward away from the center of Earth
d. in the direction of motion

ANS: B
12.1 Forces

Assessment Questions

4. A ball thrown into the air follows a projectile


course due to the initial velocity and the
a. force of gravity.
b. effect of air resistance.
c. motion of Earth beneath it.
d. mass of the ball.
12.1 Forces

Assessment Questions

4. A ball thrown into the air follows a projectile


course due to the initial velocity and the
a. force of gravity.
b. effect of air resistance.
c. motion of Earth beneath it.
d. mass of the ball.

ANS: A
12.1 Forces

Assessment Questions

1. The SI unit for force is 1 kg•m/s 2, also called one


kepler.

True
False
12.1 Forces

Assessment Questions

1. The SI unit for force is 1 kg•m/s 2, also called one


kepler.

True
False

ANS: F, newton

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