Scribd
Upload
11 views10 pages

1.3 Memory Hierarchy

os notes 3

Uploaded by

revicse
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
11 views10 pages

1.3 Memory Hierarchy

os notes 3

Uploaded by

revicse
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

ARASU ENGINEERING

COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

CS3451 – INTRODUCTION TO
OPERATING SYSTEMS
II YEAR / IV SEMESTER
Anna University Syllabus, 2021
Regulation
Prepared by
Mrs. V. Revathy
Assistant
Professor/ CSE
Memory
Hierarchy
Storage systems organized in hierarchy
Speed
Cost
Volatility
Caching – copying information into faster storage
system; main memory can be viewed as a cache for
secondary storage
Device Driver for each device controller to manage
I/O
Provides uniform interface between
controller and kernel
Storage-Device
Hierarchy

CS3451-IOS/ V. REVATHY / AP/ CSE - AEC


Cache
 Important Memory
principle, performedat many levels in
a computer (in hardware, operating system, software)
 Information in use copied from slower to faster
storage temporarily
 Faster storage (cache) checked first to determine
if information is there
 If it is, information used directly from the cache (fast)
 If not, data copied to cache and used there
 Cache smaller than storage being cached
 Cache management important design problem
 Cache size and replacement policy
CS3451-IOS/ V. REVATHY / AP/ CSE - AEC
Direct Memory
Access
Used for high-speed I/O devices able to
transmit information at close to
memory speeds
Device controller transfers blocks of data from
buffer storage directly to main memory
without CPU intervention
Only one interrupt is generated per
block, rather than the one interrupt per
byte
CS3451-IOS/ V. REVATHY / AP/ CSE - AEC
How a Modern Computer
Works

A von Neumann architecture

CS3451-IOS/ V. REVATHY / AP/ CSE - AEC


Multiprocessor
Architecture
 Most systems use a single general-purpose processor
 Most systems have special-purpose processors as well
 Multiprocessors systems growing in use and importance
 Also known as parallel systems, tightly-coupled systems
 Advantages include:
 Increased throughput
 Economy of scale
 Increased reliability – graceful degradation or fault tolerance
 Two types:
 Asymmetric Multiprocessing – each processor is assigned a specie
task.
 Symmetric Multiprocessing – each processor performs all tasks
CS3451-IOS/ V. REVATHY / AP/ CSE - AEC
Multiprocessing A Dual-Core
Architecture Design

 Multi-chip and multicore


 Systems containing all chips
 Chassis containing multiple separate
systems
CS3451-IOS/ V. REVATHY / AP/ CSE - AEC
Clustered
 Systems
Like multiprocessor systems, but multiple
systems working together
 Usually sharing storage via a storage-area network
(SAN)
 Provides a high-availability service which survives
failures
 Asymmetric clustering has one machine in hot-standby
mode
 Symmetric clustering has multiple nodes running
applications,
monitoring each other
 Some clusters are for high-performance computing
(HPC)
 Applications must be written to
CS3451-IOS/ V. REVATHY / AP/ CSE - AEC
Thank You
CS3451-IOS/ V. REVATHY / AP/ CSE - AEC

You might also like