Republic of the Philippines

Department of Agriculture
Bureau of Soils and Water Management
SRDC Bldg., Elliptical Road Cor. Visayas Ave., Diliman, Q.C.

US-PL480 PROJECT:
AGROMET CUM CLIMATE CHANGE

WEATHER DATA
ANALYSIS
Topics to be discussed:

1 2 3
Data
Summary
Evaporation
Transpiration
Moisture
Availabilit
y Index

Let’s get started...

1 Data Summary

Collect and organize

Data Summary

- Data generated from AWS are

in raw format, generated at a
specified time interval.

- Need to be processed to
become useful input to further
meteorological analysis.

Daily - Processed data can be useful

Decadal in forecasting, crop
Monthly management, and decision
Annual making.
Weather Parameters

Sunshine Duration
- Length of time that the ground surface is
irradiated by direct solar radiation (i.e. sunlight
reaching the earth’s surface directly from the
sun)
- Period during which direct solar irradiance
exceeds a threshold value of 120 Wm-2 (WMO,
2003).

- Level of solar irradiance shortly after sunrise

and shortly before sunset in cloud-free
conditions.
Weather Parameters

Solar Radiation
- Electromagnetic radiation ranging from about
0.25 to 4.5μm wavelength, including near
ultraviolet (UV), visible light, and near infrared
(IR) radiation
- Typical peak value is 1000 Wm-2 on a clear day
around solar noon at sea level.
Weather Parameters

Wind Direction
- Indicates the direction where the wind
originates or is coming from.
- Reported in cardinal directions (N, E, S, W) or in
azimuth degrees (0 to 360°).

Wind Speed
- Indicates how fast the wind is moving.
Measured in distance per unit of time (m/s, kph,
mph, etc.)
Weather Parameters

Humidity
- Refers to the moisture content of the
atmosphere while relative humidity (RH) is the
amount of moisture in the air compared to what
the air can “hold” at a given temperature and
- pressure.
RH is expressed in terms of percentage.

Temperature
- Indicates degree of “hotness or coldness” of an
object.
Weather Parameters

Air Pressure
- Also referred to as barometric or atmospheric
pressure. It is the pressure exerted by the
weight of air in the atmosphere.
- At sea level, the atmospheric pressure is
101.325 kPa. Lower pressures indicate
occurrence of bad weather systems.

Rainfall
- Condensation of liquid water from atmospheric
water vapor and becomes heavy enough to fall
under gravity.
Weather Parameters

Soil Moisture
- Amount of water present in the soil. Expressed
in percentage of soil volume.

Soil Temperature
- Temperature of the soil at a particular depth
from ground level.
 Daily
- One representative value for a certain
parameter from a number of
measurements within a day.
Data Summary

- Value depends on the parameter

being summarized (temperature,
rainfall, RH, wind speed, solar
radiation, etc.)

- Statistical analyses include sum,

mean, average, minimum, maximum,
and mode.
 Parameter Analysis
Sunshine Total
Duration
Solar Radiation Average
Data Summary

Wind Direction Mode

Wind Speed Average
RH Min, max, mean
Air Temperature Min, max, mean, average
Air Pressure Average
Rainfall Total
Soil Moisture Average
Soil Temperature Min, max, mean, average
 Examples:
Rainfall values for June 30, 2016.
- 1, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10.
Data Summary

What rainfall value should be

reported for June 30, 2016?

= 1 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 10
= 36 mm
 Examples:

Temperature values for June 30, 2016.

- 29.1, 29.5, 32, 33, 35, 36.
Data Summary

What is the minimum, maximum,

mean, and average temperature
value for June 30, 2016?
= 29.1°C (minimum)
= 36°C (maximum)
= 32.6°C (mean)
= 32.4°C (average)
 MONTH DAYS Monthl
Weekly Decada DECADE
Annual
January l
1-10 y 1
Data 7 daily 10 daily 28-31 12
values 11-20
values daily 2
monthly
Needed
values values
21-31 3
Data Summary

February 1-10 4
11-20 5
21-28/29 6
: : :
December 1-10 34
11-20 35
21-31 36
2 Evapotranspiration

= Evaporation + Transpiration
Evaporation - is the process whereby liquid water is
converted to water vapour (vaporization) and removed
from the evaporating surface (vapour removal). Water
evaporates from a variety of surfaces, such as lakes,
rivers, pavements, soils and wet vegetation.

http://www.fao.org/docrep/x0490e/x0490e04.htm
Transpiration - consists of the vaporization of liquid
water contained in plant tissues and the vapour
removal to the atmosphere. Crops predominately lose
their water through stomata.

http://www.fao.org/docrep/x0490e/x0490e04.htm
Evapotranspiration (ET) = Evaporation +
Transpiration

- Evaporation and transpiration occur

simultaneously and there is no easy way of
distinguishing between the two processes.

- Basically the crop water requirement at a

particular growth stage of the crop.
Empirical equations to compute for ET:

• Thornthwaite (1948)

Where:
EToSC – gross evapotranspiration
N – Maximum number of sunny hours
dm – number of days per month
Empirical equations to compute for ET:

• Blaney-Criddle (1950)

Where:
T – temperature, °C
α,β – calibration parameters
ρ – mean annual percentage of day time hours
Empirical equations to compute for ET:

• Priestley-Taylor (1972)

Where:
α,β – calibration parameters
Δ – slope of vapour pressure curve
γ – psychrometric constant
Rn – net solar radiation, MJ/m-2d-1
G – soil heat flux density, MJ/m-2d-1
Empirical equations to compute for ET:

• Hargreaves (1982)
ETo = 0.0023 (T + 17.78)(Tmax –
Tmin)0.5 Ra

Where:
T – temperature, °C
Tmax – Maximum temperature, °C
Tmin – minimum temperature, °C
Ra – extraterrestrial radiation, MJ/m-2d-1
Empirical equations to compute for ET:

• Penman-Monteith (1998)
- Recommended by UN-FAO as a global standard for
estimating ETo using four meteorological data
(temperature, wind speed, solar radiation, and RH).

- Uses a hypothetical green grass reference

surface that is actively growing, well-watered,
with assumed height of 0.12m, surface
resistance of 70 s/m and albedo of 0.23.
Empirical equations to compute for ET:

• Penman-Monteith (1998)
- This scenario closely resembles ET from an
extensive surface of green grass cover of uniform
height, completely shading the ground and no
water shortage.

- This methodology is the most reliable in a wide

range of climates and locations because it is
based on physical principles and main climatic
factors.
FAO Penman-Monteith:
Procedures to compute for ET using FAO-PM:

1. Summarize required parameters for the

computation of evapotranspiration in daily format.
The required weather parameters are:

a. minimum and maximum temperature,

b. minimum and maximum relative humidity,
c. average wind speed,
d. total solar radiation,
e. AWS coordinates and elevation.
Other data needed to compute for ET:
• Day in the Year
• Atmospheric pressure, P
• Psychrometric constant, γ
• Mean saturation vapour pressure, es
• Slope of saturation vapour pressure curve, Δ
• Inverse relative distance Earth-Sun, dr
• Solar declination, δ
• Latitude in radians, φ
• Sunset hour angle, ωs
• Extraterrestrial radiation, Ra
• Clear sky solar radiation, Rso
• Net shortwave radiation, Rns
• Net longwave radiation, Rnl
• Soil heat flux, G
3
Moisture
Availability Index
(MAI)

Wet or dry...?
Types of Drought
• Meteorological Drought
- atmospheric parameters
• Agricultural Drought
- atmospheric, crop, and soil
• Hydrological Drought
- atmospheric, watershed, aquifer
• Socio-economic Drought
- effect on human welfare
Agricultural Drought

• Agrohydropotential Index
• Dry day sequences index
• Crop Moisture Index
• Moisture Availability
Index
Moisture MAI =
rainfall/ET
MAI > 1, wet
Availability
MAI < 1, dry
Index (MAI)
Example:
- Ratio of rainfall and Rainfall = 10
estimated potential mm
evapotranspiration ET = 5 mm
(Hargreaves, 1971). MAI = 2, wet

- Used as one of the

simple drought indices
 Thank
Thanks...
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