A2.2 Cell Structure SL HL

Introduction To Cells
A 2.2 CELL STRUCTURE

What is a cell?
A cell is the basic

functional unit of life
Which one causes you the most pain?
THINK, PAIR, SHARE….
Do you know of any broad categories that we can group

cells into?
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells
Cellular Levels
What two broad categories can we classify organisms with respect to cells?
TURN AND TALK:
Where did cells come

from?
CELL THEORY
All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
The cell theory states that:
1. Cells can only arise from pre-existing cell

2. Living organisms are composed of cells which are the smallest unit of life
3. Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that
cell
Cell theory was developed through inductive reasoning. But what does this
mean?
Microscopy Skills
Types
Light/Compound Microscopes
Electron microscopes
Roles
Magnification
Resolution
1. Enlarging specimen
2. Showing distinct features in a specimen
With your shoulder partner:
Find out the names and
functions of the different
parts of this compound
microscope.
Type your answers in your

note-catcher
How to use a microscope
Calculating magnification
Of the Microscope: Of a drawing or an image:
Eyepiece lens magnification multiplied Size of image divide by actual size of

by objective lens magnification cell
Eg: What is the current magnification

on your microscopes?
Practise Time!
The length of an image is 60mm. It represents a structure that

has an actual size of 3 micrometers. Determine the
magnification of the image.
More Practise
In Figure 12, the actual length of the mitochondrion is 8µm.
a. Determine the magnification of the electron micrograph. [2]
b. Calculate the length of a 5 µm scale bar on this electron micrograph. [2]
c. Determine the width of the mitochondrion. [1]

How To make temporary (Wet) Slide
As you watch this video, take

note of the steps t be followed in
this procedure
Silent Solo: Reading Time
Developments in Microscopy
Link to the reading is on your email.
Consider this question as you read: What are the difference between compound
and electron microscopes?
1. Techniques commonly used in microscopy
Fluorescent Microscopy Immunofluorescence Microscopy
Developed from fluorescence staining
Dyes that preferentially attach to certain
Can be used to show where different
structures and appear as brightly antibodies and the chemicals they
coloured spots are called fluorescent
produce are found. The result is a
multi-coloured image.
dyes.
Fluorescent dyes can be used in light

microscopy. When the dye is added to
the sample it will preferentially attach to
certain structures.
Cryogenic electron Microscopy
Free-fracture electron microscopy

More Practise
In Figure 12, the actual length of the mitochondrion is 8µm.
a. Determine the magnification of the electron micrograph. [2]
b. Calculate the length of a 5 µm scale bar on this electron micrograph. [2]
c. Determine the width of the mitochondrion. [1]

Cryogenic electron Microscopy
A 2.2 CELL STRUCTURE
A2.2.4 Structures common to cells in all living
organisms
A2.2.5 Prokaryote cell structure
A2.2.6 Eukaryote cell structure
A2.2.7 Processes of life in unicellular organisms
A2.2.8 Differences in eukaryotic cell structure
between animals, fungi and plants
A2.2.9 Atypical cell structure in eukaryotes
A2.2.10 Cell types and cell structures viewed in light
and electron micrographs
Turn & Talk
What cell
components do you
think are common
to all organisms?
You can refer to the
image alongside
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA
Prokaryote cell structure
These include: Bacteria & Cyanobacteria
Characteristics:
• Exceedingly small - about the size of
individual organelles found in the cells of
eukaryotes
• Contain no true nucleus but have a single
loop of DNA in the cytoplasm, referred to as
a nucleoid
• Their cytoplasm does not have the
membrane-bound organelles of eukaryotes
Eukaryote cell structure
Research and comment on the following features of eukaryotic cells
NUCLEUS RIBOSOMES MITOCHONDRIA

Eukaryote cell structure
Research and comment on the following features of eukaryotic cells
NUCLEUS RIBOSOMES MITOCHONDRIA

Contains chromosomes Larger than in prokaryotes 80 Site for respiration.
svedbergs
Double membrane with pores Needed for aerobic respiration
hence not found in prokaryotes
Linear DNA attached to a
proteins called histone
Processes of life in unicellular organism
What are the main characteristics of all living organisms?

RESEARCH:
Using paramecium as
an example, explain
how they carry out
each of these
processes.
Atypical cell structure in eukaryotes
There are a few exceptions to the cell theory.
1. Red Blood Cells
Challenges the idea that all cells have a nucleus
Mature Red blood cells do not have a nucleus.
Removal of the nucleus makes red blood cells

smaller and more flexible, but they cannot repair
themselves if they are damaged. For this reason,
they have a lifespan of only 100 to 120 days
1. Phloem sieve tube elements
Challenges the idea that all cells have a nucleus

In phloem sieve tubes, the end walls are
perforated, nucleus and most cell organelles
are lost, and cytoplasm is pushed as a thin
layer on the periphery. They are supported in
their function by the adjacent companion cells.
3. Skeletal Muscle
challenges the idea that a cell has one nucleus
Muscle cells have more than one nucleus per cell
Muscle Cells called fibres can be very long (300mm)
They are surrounded by a single plasma membrane
but they are multinucleated .
This does not conform to the standard view of a
small single nuclei within a cell
4. Aseptate fungal hyphae

challenges the idea that a cell is a single unit.
Fungal hyphae are again very large with many nuclei and a
continuous cytoplasm
The tubular system of hyphae form dense networks called
mycelium
Like muscle cells they are multinucleated
They have cell walls composed of chitin
The cytoplasm is continuous along the hyphae with no end cell
wall or membrane
More Practise
Turn to the Magnification Practise questions shared in the last lesson via email
GROUP WORK
•Research on the cell organelle assigned to your group and market it to the class as the most
important one for the cell. Your presentation must include annotated drawing of the
ultrastructure of the organelle, its description and function.
G1 - Nucleus, Mitochondria
G2 - Cytoskeleton & Microtubules
G3 - Chloroplast & Lysosomes
G4 - Ribosomes & Golgi apparatus
G5 - Vesicles, vacuoles & centrioles
G6 - Rough endoplasmic reticulum and Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
G7 - Create a table to show the differences between eukaryotic cells of plants animals and fungi
A2.1.12-A2.1.14
Cell Differentiation
Video Questions:
What do you think cell
differentiation means?
How does cell differentiation
lead to cell specialization?
FUN FACT: There are about
4000 genes that are used in all
cell types in humans. What do
you think these genes are
called?
Housekeeping genes
Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis
Definition:
Symbiosis
- Living together in a close association
Endosymbiosis
- Endosymbiont lives inside the cell of a host.
The endosymbiont enters the host cell by endocytosis. This is the process that cells use to make
a vesicle or small vacuole by pinching of a piece of the plasma membrane.
Cells can use endocytosis to ingest other, smaller cells. If beneficial when alive, they keep
them, if not they digest them.
Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis
The Theory of Endosymbiosis
•They have a double membrane.
•They have their own genes, on a circular DNA
molecule like that of prokaryotes.
•They transcribe their own DNA and use the
mRNA to synthesize some of their own proteins eg
ribosomes.
•The ribosomes they use for protein synthesis have a
size (70S) and structure more typical of prokaryotic
cells than eukaryotic.
•They can only be produced by division of pre-
existing mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Turn & Talk:
Use the theory of endosymbiosis to make predictions:
1. Mitochondria have a double membrane. Predict which membrane would have
prokaryotic features and which would have eukaryotic features.
2. There are ribosomes within the matrix of mitochondria. Predict whether the ribosomes
within mitochondria are 70S (like those of prokaryotes) or 80S (as in eukaryotes).
Use the theory of endosymbiosis to explain these features:

1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have circular DNA, rather than linear DNA with two
ends.
2. Human mitochondrial DNA has only 16,569 base pairs, compared with an average of
143,000,000 base pairs of human chromosomes located in the nucleus.
3. There are only 37 genes in human mitochondrial DNA, compared with more than 500
in free-living prokaryotic cells.
Silent Solo:
Evolution of Multicellularity
Check your email for the link to the reading
sheet.
Question:
What advantages do multicellular organisms
have over unicellular ones? List three

A2.2 Cell Structure SL HL

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Introduction To Cells

A 2.2 CELL STRUCTURE

A cell is the basic

Do you know of any broad categories that we can group

Where did cells come

The cell theory states that:

1. Cells can only arise from pre-existing cell

Type your answers in your

Eyepiece lens magnification multiplied Size of image divide by actual size of

Eg: What is the current magnification

The length of an image is 60mm. It represents a structure that

a. Determine the magnification of the electron micrograph. [2]

b. Calculate the length of a 5 µm scale bar on this electron micrograph. [2]

c. Determine the width of the mitochondrion. [1]

As you watch this video, take

Link to the reading is on your email.

Fluorescent dyes can be used in light

Free-fracture electron microscopy

a. Determine the magnification of the electron micrograph. [2]

b. Calculate the length of a 5 µm scale bar on this electron micrograph. [2]

c. Determine the width of the mitochondrion. [1]

These include: Bacteria & Cyanobacteria

Research and comment on the following features of eukaryotic cells

NUCLEUS RIBOSOMES MITOCHONDRIA

Research and comment on the following features of eukaryotic cells

NUCLEUS RIBOSOMES MITOCHONDRIA

What are the main characteristics of all living organisms?

There are a few exceptions to the cell theory.

1. Red Blood Cells

Challenges the idea that all cells have a nucleus

Mature Red blood cells do not have a nucleus.

Removal of the nucleus makes red blood cells

1. Phloem sieve tube elements

Challenges the idea that all cells have a nucleus

4. Aseptate fungal hyphae

Use the theory of endosymbiosis to explain these features:

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