CorePure2 Chapter 6 ::

Hyperbolic Functions
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Last modified: 12th August 2018

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Overview
We will see the definition and purpose of hyperbolic functions such as , , their inverses,
and how we can manipulate them, such as solving equations, differentiating and
integrating.

1 :: Definition of hyperbolic 2 :: Inverse hyperbolic

functions and their sketches. functions.
“Find the exact value of:” Prove that

3 :: Hyperbolic Identities and 4 :: Differentiation

Solving Equations
Determine
Solve for all real

Teacher Note: This is pretty much all of the old FP3 Chapter 1
5 :: Integration (Hyperbolic Functions), much of Chapter 3 (Differentiation) and
much of Chapter 4 (Integration). In particular, Exercise 6E
Determine (integration) is extremely hefty, so you may wish to split over 2
lessons. The change to integration since FP3 is that some
results, e.g. have been dropped.
Conic Sections

The axis of the

parabola is
parallel to the
side of the cone.

In mathematics there are a number of different families of curves. These doing FP1
as their Further Maths option will encounter ellipses, parabolas and hyperbolas in
Chapters 2 and Chapter 3 (“Conic Sections I and II”).

Each of these have different properties and their equations have different forms.
It is possible to obtain these different types of curves by slicing a cone, hence “conic
sections”.
Comparing circles and hyperbolas !
(Don’t make notes on this slide) You will cover Hyperbolas in FP1, but this will give some context for the eponymously named
‘hyperbolic functions’ that we will explore in this chapter.

Circles Hyperbolas
Source: Wikipedia

1 (𝑥, 𝑦 )

𝜃
1

The ‘simplest’ circle is a

unit circle centred at the The equivalent hyperbola (which
origin. crosses -axis at and )
Cartesian equation: Cartesian equation:
? similar
?
Parametric eqns (in Parametric equations:
terms of ):
similar
?
?
What’s the point of hyperbolic functions?
Hyperbolic functions often result from
differential equations (e.g. in mechanics), and
we’ll see later in this module how we can use
these functions in calculus.

For example, we can consider forces acting on

each point on a hanging piece of string.
Solving the relevant differential equations, we
end up with:

?
OM
G
mo
de
ll
ing
!
Equations for hyperbolic functions
Hyperbolic sine:

? Say as “shine” of
Hyperbolic cosine:

Say as “cosh”
?
Hyperbolic tangent:

Hyperbolic secant: Say as “tanch”

? ?
Hyperbolic cosecant:
Say as “setch”
? ?
Hyperbolic cotangent:

Say as “cosetch”
? ?

Say as “coth”
? ?
Equations for hyperbolic functions

Q Calculate (using both your button and using the formula)

? Froculator Tip: Press
the ‘hyp’ button.
Q Write in terms of :

?
Q
Solve
?

?
Sketching hyperbolic functions
𝑦 𝑦
𝑦=
𝑒 −𝑥
𝑥
𝑦 =𝑒
𝑦=
𝑥 −𝑥
𝑥
−𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒
𝑦= is known as an odd function
because . Can you think of other
odd functions?

𝑦 ?
We can see we have the 𝑦 =sinh 𝑥
average of and

Click here to sketch

𝑥
As
?
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
sinh 𝑥=
? 2
Sketching hyperbolic functions
𝑦 𝑦
𝑦=
𝑒 −𝑥
𝑥
𝑦 =𝑒
𝑦=
𝑥 −𝑥
𝑥
−𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒
𝑦= is known as an even function
because . Can you think of other
even functions?

𝑦 ?
𝑦 =cosh 𝑥

Click here to sketch

𝑥
As
? 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒− 𝑥
cosh 𝑥=
2
Sketching hyperbolic functions
sinh 𝑥
To sketch , consider the usual features when you sketch a tanh 𝑥=
graph. cosh 𝑥

When ?
As
As ?
?
𝑦
𝑦 =1

Click to sketch
𝑥

𝑦 =− 1
Test Your Understanding
Sketch the graph of

𝑦 =cosh 𝑥

1
𝑥
𝑦 ?
We simply consider
the reciprocal of
each of the values.

1? 𝑦 =sech 𝑥

𝑥
Exercise 6A
Pearson Core Pure Year 2
Pages 122-123
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
As you might expect, each hyperbolic function has an inverse.
Note that lack of ‘c’ (e.g. arsinh not arcsinh).
𝑦

Click to sketch

𝑥
Click to sketch

All of them:
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Why is there a problem when finding the inverse of ?
𝑦
Recall from Pure Year 2

𝑥
that functions only have

𝑜 𝑠h
an inverse if they are
x
𝑜 𝑠 h 𝑥

𝑦 =𝑐
𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑐 one-to-one.
is many-to-one if the
domain is unrestricted,
𝑥 which would become
one-to-many.

If we restrict the domain

to , then it becomes one-
to-one, and we can
reflect in as before.
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Given that hyperbolic functions can be written in terms of , naturally
(obscure pun intended) inverse hyperbolic can be expressed in terms of .

Prove that

However since , can only use positive case as is positive.

?

?
Test Your Understanding
Prove that Proof that ) is negative:

Taking logs of both sides:

Since , , thus RHS is negative.

However this time, both and cases are possible.
We can prove that ) gives a negative value.

?
Show >

𝑜 𝑠 h 𝑥 But recall from the graph that we only include positive

𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑐
values of in the function to avoid it being one-to-many.
Thus only.
Summary so Far

𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=ln ( 𝑥+√ 𝑥 +1 )

2
Hyperbolic Domain Sketch Inverse Hyperbolic Domain Sketch

? ?
? ?
1
1

? -1
?
?
1

?
? ?
? ?
1

-1
Exercise 6B
Pearson Core Pure Year 2
Pages 124-125
Hyperbolic Identities
From Pure Year 1 we know that .
Are there similar identities for hyperbolic functions?

Use the definitions of and to prove that…

𝟐 𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 ? 𝒙 =𝟏

𝟐 𝟐
𝒔𝒆𝒄
? 𝒉 𝒙 =𝟏− 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒉 𝒙

𝟐 𝟐
?
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒉 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒉 𝒙 − 𝟏
Hyperbolic Identities
We can similar prove that:
Similar to identity.

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 ( 𝑨± 𝑩 )=𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝑩± 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝑩

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 ( 𝑨± 𝑩 )=𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝑩± 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝑩

However this is not , unlike in

Prove that:

Notice this is + rather than - .

Osborn’s Rule
We can get these identities from the normal sin/cos ones by:

Osborn’s Rule:
1. Replacing and
2. Negate any explicit or implied product of two sines.

sin 𝐴sin 𝐵→−sinh 𝐴sinh 𝐵 ?

?
Since

?
2 𝟐
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴=2cos 𝐴−1→𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟐𝑨=𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒉 𝑨−𝟏 ?
Solving Equations
Either use hyperbolic identities or basic definitions of hyperbolic functions.

Solve for all real Solve for all real

Using

( ) ( )
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥 −𝑥
𝑒 −𝑒 𝑒 +𝑒
6 −2? =7 ?
2 2
Further Examples
Pure Year 1 one: If , find .

2 2
sin 𝑥+ cos 𝑥=1 ?

2 2
If , find the exact value

cosh 𝑥−sinh 𝑥=1

of: ?
a)
b) ?
c)
?
Test Your Understanding

?
Exercise 6C
Pearson Core Pure Year 2
Pages 128-129

?
Differentiating hyperbolic functions

𝑑 Important Memorisation
Tip: They’re all the same

( sinh𝑥 )= cosh𝑥
as non-hyperbolic results,
other than that is not
negated and becomes
(i.e. is negated).

𝑑𝑥
Prove that

𝑥 −𝑥
? 𝑒 −𝑒
sinh 𝑥=
2
Test Your Understanding

Hint: Did someone say chain rule?

?
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

𝑑 1
Proof

𝑦=𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥
?

( arsinh𝑥 ) = 2 ?

𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 +1
?

Examples Given that prove that

Find

By chain rule:
𝒅𝒚 𝟏
=𝟐 ( 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒙
? ) 𝟐
√𝒙 −
?
𝒅𝒙
Test Yarrr Understanding

?
Using Maclaurin expansions for approximations
[Textbook] (a) Show that [We did this earlier]
(b) Find the first two non-zero terms of the series expansion of .
The general form for the series expansion of is given by

(c) Find, in simplest terms, the coefficient of .

(d) Use your approximation up to and including the term in to find an
approximate value for .
(e) Calculate the percentage error in using this approximation.

b Need to use a Maclaurin expansion. d

Need to keep going
Maclaurin expansion: until we have two
non-zero terms for
% error ?
the Maclaurin
term will occur when
Coefficient is
? expansion.
e
?

c
?
Exercise 6D
Pearson Core Pure Year 2
Pages 133-134
Standard Integrals

s∫ inh𝑥𝑑𝑥=cosh𝑥+𝐶
Same as non-hyperbolic version?

 ?
 ?
 ?
Not in this
chapter but  ?
worth briefly
Not in formula
mentioning.  ? booklet.
 ?
Was covered ?
in Chapter 3.
?
?
?
Quickfire Examples – Do From Memory!
Recall that:

𝟏
e.g.
?

c∫ osh(4 𝑥−1)𝑑𝑥= 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝟒𝒙−𝟏)+𝑪

?
?
?

𝟒 s∫ inh𝑥𝑑𝑥=cosh 𝑥+𝐶
?
? ?
? Click only if you’ve
forgotten them.
Further Example
[Textbook]

Integration Strategy Recap:

2+5𝑥 2? 5𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥=∫ 𝑑𝑥+∫
If multiple terms in

𝑑𝑥 numerator, split fraction.

√ 𝑥 +1
2
√ 𝑥 +1
2
√ 𝑥 +1
2

si∫ nh𝑥𝑑𝑥=cosh𝑥+𝐶
Integrating when not quite so standard

∫ cosh 2 𝑥sinh2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5
In the past we’ve integrated
expressions of the form
(Using Method 1) and by the “consider and
Try scale” method.

∫ tanh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sinh 𝑥
¿∫
Use the same method for
𝑑𝑥=ln |cosh 𝑥|+ 𝐶 integrating , i.e. expressing
cosh 𝑥
first as a division.
?
Note that because differentiates
to positive , unlike the non-
hyperbolic version, we don’t have
the minus.
Using Identities

∫ cosh 2
3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Use double angle
1 1
¿ ∫ + cosh 6?𝑥𝑑𝑥
formulae for

2 2
∫ sinh 3
𝑥 𝑑𝑥

¿∫sinh 𝑥sinh𝑥𝑑𝑥
2
Use this approach
in general for small
odd powers of sinh
and cosh.
?
When that doesn’t work…
Sometimes there are techniques which work on non-hyperbolic trig functions
but doesn’t work on hyperbolic ones. Just first replace any hyperbolic
functions with their definition.

Find Find

( )
𝑥 −𝑥
𝑒 −𝑒 Use the substitution

∫ 𝑒 sinh𝑥𝑑𝑥=?∫𝑒 2
2𝑥 2𝑥

?
(Integration by parts DOES also
work, but requires a significantly
greater amount of working!)

(Fro Exam Note: This very question

appeared FP3(Old) June 2014, except
involving definite integration)
Dealing with , , ….
2 2
sin 𝜃+cos 𝜃=1 Sensible substitution and why?

1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 tan wouldn’t work as well this time because the
√𝑎 2
+𝑥 2
denominator would simplify to but we’d be
?
multiplying by , meaning not all the secs would
cancel. With the two ’s obtained would fully cancel.

1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 =𝑎 cosh 𝑢
√𝑥 2
−𝑎 2
?
Show that
!
Let

?
Dealing with , , ….
[Textbook] Show that

[ ( )]
8
𝑥
¿ 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h ?

4 5
 Harder Example
2 2
Show that .
sin 𝜃+cos 𝜃=1
(Hint: Use a sensible substitution)
Trying :
Trying :

Using integration by parts:

? Using a seemingly-sensible- ? Using the other-possible-

but-turns-out-rather-nasty substitution-that-turns-out-
substitution much-more-pretty-yay
 Test Your Understanding So Far

Hint: You may want to

factorise out first, as we
did in Chapter 3.

Using a hyperbolic substitution, evaluate ?

Using yields
?

?
Integrating by Completing the Square
Determine By completing the square, we can then
use one of the standard results.

Let
This is not in the standard form yet, but
a simple substitution would make it so.

?
Standard results: (in formula booklet)
Further Example
Determine

Let

Standard results: (in formula booklet)

?
Test Your Understanding

?a

?b

?c
Exercise 6E
Pearson Core Pure Year 2
Pages 140-142

(If I was to pick one chapter where it was worth doing

the Mixed Exercises [6F], it would be this one!)