Introduction to
Object-Oriented
Programming
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a popular
programming paradigm that uses objects and classes to
structure and organize code. It is widely used in software
development due to its ability to create reusable, modular,
and maintainable programs.
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by RAYMART ANG
What is Object-Oriented Programming?
OOP is a programming approach that focuses on creating objects, which are self-contained units of data and methods that operate on that
data. It promotes code reusability and modularity, making complex programs easier to design and manage.
Objects Classes
Objects are instances of classes, representing real-world Classes act as blueprints for creating objects, defining the data
entities with their own data and behavior. and methods shared by all instances.
Encapsulation Inheritance
Data and methods are grouped together within objects, hiding New classes can inherit properties and methods from existing
implementation details and promoting data protection. classes, promoting code reusability and extensibility.
Fundamental Concepts of OOP
OOP revolves around key concepts that enable its effectiveness. These
concepts define the structure and behavior of objects, classes, and their
interactions.
1 Abstraction 2 Encapsulation
Simplifying complex systems Bundling data and methods
by focusing on essential within objects, controlling
features and hiding access and protecting data
unnecessary details. integrity.
3 Inheritance 4 Polymorphism
Creating new classes based The ability of objects to take
on existing ones, inheriting on different forms, allowing
their properties and methods methods to be used in
for code reusability and various ways depending on
extensibility. the object type.
Classes and Objects
Classes serve as blueprints for creating objects, defining the properties (data) and methods (behavior)
that objects of that class will have.
Class Definition Object Creation Data and Methods
Defines the structure and An instance of a class, Properties (data) represent
behavior of objects of that representing a specific entity characteristics of the object,
class. with its own data and methods. while methods define its
actions.
Inheritance
Inheritance allows new classes (child classes) to inherit properties and
methods from existing classes (parent classes).
Parent Class
Provides the base structure and behavior that child
classes inherit.
Child Class
Extends the parent class by adding new features or
modifying existing ones.
Inheritance Relationship
Child classes "is a" type of the parent class, inheriting its
characteristics and behavior.
Encapsulation
Encapsulation hides the internal implementation details of objects,
providing a controlled interface for interaction.
Data Hiding Data is protected within the
object, preventing direct
access from outside.
Method Access Methods provide a controlled
way to interact with the
object's data, ensuring data
integrity.
Information Hiding External users only interact
with the object through its
public methods, simplifying
usage and promoting
maintainability.
Polymorphism
Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as instances of a
common base class, enabling code flexibility and reusability.
Method Overriding
Child classes can redefine methods from parent classes to provide specific
implementations.
Method Overloading
A class can have multiple methods with the same name but different parameters,
allowing for flexible usage.
Dynamic Dispatch
The appropriate method is determined at runtime based on the object's actual type.
Data Abstraction
Abstraction focuses on essential characteristics and behaviors, hiding
unnecessary complexity and simplifying interaction.
1 Abstract Classes
Define common features and methods without specific
implementations.
2 Concrete Classes
Provide specific implementations for abstract methods,
inheriting from abstract classes.
3 Interface
Define a set of methods that classes must implement,
enforcing a common interface for interaction.
Benefits of OOP
OOP provides numerous benefits, making it a highly effective programming paradigm for complex and large-scale software projects.
1 Code Reusability 2 Modularity
Inheritance and polymorphism allow code to be reused Code is organized into independent objects, making it
across different parts of a project. easier to develop, maintain, and debug.
3 Data Security 4 Extensibility
Encapsulation protects data within objects, ensuring New features can be added easily by creating new
data integrity and preventing accidental modification. classes or extending existing ones.
Practical Applications of OOP
OOP is widely used in various software development areas, enabling the creation of robust, maintainable, and
scalable applications.
Graphical User Interfaces Web Applications Game Development
Objects are used to represent OOP enables the development of OOP is used to create characters,
interactive elements such as dynamic and interactive web objects, and game environments,
buttons, menus, and windows. applications, using objects to allowing for complex and
represent web components and interactive gameplay.
data.
