Electronic One

Lecture 3

Dr. Mohamed Shrud

Things to be covered

• AC Review

• Half-Wave Rectifier ‫تقويم نصف موجة‬

• Full-Wave Rectifier ‫تقويم موجة‬

‫كاملة‬
 AC Review

 You need to have some basic knowledge of Alternating current (AC)

to study electronics. To understand AC, you basically have to

understand sine waves.
 A sine wave is simply a shape, like waves in the ocean. Sine waves in
electronics are used to represent voltage or current moving up and
down in magnitude. The sine wave shows how the voltage moves
from 0 volts to its peak voltage, and back down through 0 , to its
negative peak voltage at specific cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz).

 The sound from a musical instrument also consists of sine waves.

When you combine sounds, you get complex combinations of many
sine waves, at various frequencies.

 The study of AC starts with the properties of simple sine waves, and

continues with an examination of how electronic circuits can

change sine waves
 AC Review

•In electronic circuits powered by direct current,

the voltage source is usually a
BATTERY OR SOLAR CELL,
which produces a constant voltage Battery or Solar cell
and a constant current through a conductor. ( DC Source)

•In electronic circuits or devices powered

by alternating current, the voltage source
is usually a GENERATOR, which produces a
regular output waveform, such as a sine wave.
Generator
(AC Sine Wave Source)
 peak (p) , Vp =√2 × Vrms
peak-to-peak (pp) ,Vpp = 2VP = 2 ×√2 × Vrms
root mean square (rms) ,Vrms = 1 /√2× Vp = 1 /√2× Vpp / 2

Note the following:

√2 = 1.414
1 / √2 = 0.707

Vp
Vrms
Voltage

0V VPP

Time
 Rectifier Circuits
The diode only permits current to flow in one direction. If
alternating voltage is applied to a circuit containing a diode,
conventional current will only flow in the direction of the
arrowhead which is part of the diode symbol. Hence the
current is directional or direct (DC).
Rectifier Circuits

Half-Wave Rectifier

In the next circuit, the diode acts to convert an AC input

voltage into a pulsed DC output voltage. Whenever the
voltage attempts to swing negative at the anode, the
diode acts to block current flow, thus causing the output
voltage (voltage across the resistor) to go to zero. This
circuit is called a HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER , since only half
the input waveform is supplied to the output.

Note that there will be a 0.7V drop across the diode, so the
output peak voltage will be 0.7V less than the peak
voltage of Vin. The output frequency is the same as the
input frequency.

A transformer is typically used to step down or step up the

voltage before it reaches the rectifier section.
 Rectifier Circuits

Half-Wave Rectifier
VD Only the positive portion
of the input waveform
ID Si passes through the diode.
AC
R VR
Source

10 10
sine wave Half Wave Recifier Output Voltage
5 5
Output Voltage [V]
Input Voltage [V]

+ + -
0 0

-
-5 -5

-10 -10
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

Time [s] Time [s]

 Rectifier Circuits

Half-Wave Rectifier
VD Only the negative portion
of the input waveform
ID passes through the diode.
Si
AC
R VR
Source

10 2
sine wave
0

Output Voltage [V]

5
Input Voltage [V]

+ -2
0 + -

- -4
-5
-6

-10 -8
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Time [s]
Time [s]
 Rectifier Circuits

Half-Wave Rectifier Example

The figure shows a circuit with 20 Vpp AC input signal centered at 0V DC.

Questions

A. What are the positive and negative peak voltages of the input signal?

.Positive peak voltage is +10 V. Negative peak voltage is −10 V

B. Draw the output waveform
 Rectifier Circuits

Half-Wave Rectifier Example

The circuit shows a diode connected to the secondary coil of

a transformer.
Questions

A. How does the diode affect the AC signal? Vpp AC 30 R

.The AC signal is rectified

B. Draw the waveform of the voltage across the load if the secondary coil of
the transformer has a 30 Vpp AC output signal centered at 0V DC
 Example

The figure shows the waveforms at each end of a center-tap transformer

secondary coil. Diode D1 rectifies the waveform shown at point A and diode D2
rectifies the waveform shown at point B.
A
Vi
C
Questions t
D1 R
A. Which diode conducts during the first Vi
half of the cycle? t

During the first half of the cycle, D1 is B D

forward biased and conducts current.
D2 R
D2 is reverse biased and does not
conduct current.
?B. Which diode conducts during the second half of the cycle

During the second half of the cycle,D2 is forward biased and conducts
current. D1 is reversed biased and does not conduct current.
Rectifier Circuits

Half-Wave Rectifier Example

C. Draw the input waveforms (points A and B), and underneath draw
each output waveform (points C and D).
Half-Wave Rectifier SUMMARY
As you have seen, a diode passes either the positive or negative portion of an
AC voltage waveform, depending on how you connect it in a circuit. Therefore,
the AC input signal is converted to a pulsed DC output signal, a process called
rectification. A circuit that converts either the positive or negative portion of an
AC voltage waveform to a pulsed DC output signal is called a half-wave
rectifier.

In the half-wave rectifier circuits, the diode is forward-biased (“Open Door”)

during the positive half-cycle from 0 to π of the input voltage and so current
flows through the diode and resistor where it develops an output voltage drop
vout = vin – vD . For instance, if the maximum value of, vin is 10V, the maximum
value of vout will be vout = 10 – 0.7 = 9.3V . The diode is reverse-biased (“Closed
Door”) during the negative half-cycle from π to 2π so no current flows, and
thus vout = 0 V

The average dc voltage value at the output

for the half- wave rectified is equal to

Vave = 0.318 х ( Peak Rectified Voltage (VP) – VT )

Rectifier Circuits

Full-Wave Rectifier
The dc level obtained from a sinusoidal input can be improved 100%
using a process called full-wave rectification. The most familiar network
for performing such a function is called a full-wave rectifier, or bridge
rectifier.

Unlike the half-wave rectifier, a full wave rectifier does not merely block
negative swings in voltage but also converts them into positive swings at
the output.

To understand how the device works, we need just to follow the current
flow through the diode one-way gates.

Note that there will be a 1.4V drop from zero-to peak input voltage to zero-
to-peak output voltage (there are two 0.7V drops across a pair of diodes
during a half cycle).

The output frequency is twice the input frequency, and the average dc
voltage at the output is 0.636 times the zero-to-peak output voltage
 Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
Rectifier Circuits

Full-Wave Rectifier

Positive half cycle conventional current flows from the voltage source to
Point A, then to Point B, it goes through the resistor from Point B to Point C,
and through Point D returns to the negative terminal of the voltage source.
Negative half cycle the lower terminal of the voltage source becomes the
positive terminal, current flows from Point D to Point B, it goes through the
resistor from Point B to Point C, and through Point A returns to the upper
(now negative) terminal of the voltage source.
We observe that during both the positive and negative half-cycles the current
enters the right terminal of the resistor, and thus is the same for both half-
cycles as shown in the output waveform.
Rectifier Circuits

Full-Wave Rectifier
 Rectifier Circuits

Full-Wave Rectifier Example

The figure shows a full-wave rectifier circuit that uses a

transformer with a two terminal secondary coil

Question A

A- Shows the direction of current flow

when the voltage at point A is positive.
C
RL

B
 Rectifier Circuits

Full-Wave Rectifier Example

Question
B- Shows the direction of current flow when the voltage at point B is positive.

C- Draw the voltage waveform at point C

 Rectifier Circuits

Full-Wave Rectifier Example

The figure shows a circuit in which diodes connected to the ends of a

center-tap transformer are connected to ground through a single resistor.

Question

A- Draw the waveform representing the voltage at point E in the circuit (This
waveform is a combination of the waveforms at points C and D.)
Rectifier Circuits

Full-Wave Rectifier Example

Rectifier Circuits

Full-Wave Rectifier Example

Show the current flow through the full-wave bridge rectifier.

D1 D3
Vi

RL
t

D2 D4
Rectifier Circuits

Full-Wave Rectifier
Example

D1 D3 D1 D3

RL RL

D2 D4 D2 D4

vo

Vave = 0.637х VP
VP Vave
t
Full-Wave Rectifier SUMMARY

As you have seen, Full-wave rectification allows both half cycles of the input
to cause current to flow in the load, but always in the same direction.

In the full-wave rectifier circuits, the output voltage drop vout = vin – vD . For
instance, if the maximum value of, vin is 10V, the maximum value of vout will be
vout = 10 – 1.4 = 8,6V. (there are two 0.7V drops across a pair of diodes during a
half cycle).

The average dc voltage value at the output

for the full- wave rectified is equal to

Vave = 0.637 х ( Peak Rectified Voltage (VP) – VT )